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Cardona, Spain: rent, jobs, air quality [ImmigrationDB compilation; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/cardona/ Retrieved 2026-09-12. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "bibtex": "@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_cardona-spain-rent-jobs-air-quality_6e885a422ba8,\n author = {ImmigrationDB},\n title = {Cardona, Spain: rent, jobs, air quality},\n publisher = {ImmigrationDB},\n year = {2026},\n date = {2026-09-12},\n version = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},\n snapshot = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},\n url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/cardona/},\n note = {Retrieved 2026-09-12. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n}", "markdown": "[Cardona, Spain: rent, jobs, air quality](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/cardona/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; retrieved 2026-09-12; built 2026-09-12." }, "boundary_note": "This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. 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"published", "source_group_label": "TOTAL" } ], "source": { "title": "Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain — Task 890 community statistics", "status": "retained", "official": true, "publisher": "Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain", "source_id": "ine.es:Censo2021:55244:nationality", "source_url": "https://servicios.ine.es/wstempus/js/EN/DATOS_TABLA/55244?tip=AM", "source_type": "official_statistics", "jurisdiction": null, "last_checked": "2026-08-30", "source_quality": "verified", "last_checked_period": "2026-08-30", "last_checked_precision": "day" } } ], "homebuyer": null, "recorded_safety": null, "questions": [ { "question": "How many people born in Africa live in Cardona?", "answer": "The official country of birth distribution records 189 people (4.1%) in the source-defined population for 2021 Census. This is a country of birth measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status." } ] }, "country_rules_url": "/countries/spain/", "answers": [ { "answer_id": "answer:city:es:cardona:population-current", "slot_id": "city.population.current", "answer_type": "direct_metric", "status": "supported", "question": "How many people live in Cardona?", "direct_answer": "The published population was 4,540 people in 2025.", "qualifier": "City-scope resident count. Density, foreign-resident counts and the country-wide figure are separate rows in the table below.", "temporal": { "mode": "historical_observation", "source_period": "2025", "captured_at": "2026-08-05" }, "value": { "raw_value": 4540, "normalized_value": 4540, "machine_value": 4540, "display_value": "4,540", "unit": "people", "format_profile_id": "people.count.answer.whole.v1", "approximation_label": null }, "format_profile_id": "people.count.answer.whole.v1", "evidence": [ { "claim_id": "claim-983bf6c53e84", "role": "primary", "metric_id": "population_total" } ], "alternatives": [], "dependency_hash": "7f89957659cf1977ecc95906eeb1167158239475bfd32eb3671597f4be7327cd" }, { "answer_id": "answer:city:es:cardona:rent-current", "slot_id": "city.rent.current", "answer_type": "direct_metric", "status": "supported", "question": "How much does it cost to rent in Cardona?", "direct_answer": "Average net cold rent is 3.7 EUR/m² per month (2022), excluding heating and operating charges.", "qualifier": "Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.", "temporal": { "mode": "historical_observation", "source_period": "2022", "captured_at": "2026-08-26" }, "value": { "raw_value": 3.7, "normalized_value": 3.7, "machine_value": 3.7, "display_value": "3.7", "unit": "EUR/m² per month", "format_profile_id": "currency.eur.per_m2.answer.2dp.v1", "approximation_label": null }, "format_profile_id": "currency.eur.per_m2.answer.2dp.v1", "evidence": [ { "claim_id": "claim-59c81cc70773", "role": "primary", "metric_id": "rent_avg_nettokalt_eur_per_m2_month" } ], "alternatives": [], "dependency_hash": "2b7ee8f4c11a73970ff885622e2e5dbd5d13c9f711fc8596a11524e1428cca9f" }, { "answer_id": "answer:city:es:cardona:air_quality-pm25_annual", "slot_id": "city.air_quality.pm25_annual", "answer_type": "direct_metric", "status": "supported", "question": "Is the air quality good in Cardona?", "direct_answer": "The annual PM2.5 mean is 11 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³.", "qualifier": "Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.", "temporal": { "mode": "historical_observation", "source_period": "2024", "captured_at": "2026-08-05" }, "value": { "raw_value": 11, "normalized_value": 11, "machine_value": 11, "display_value": "11", "unit": "µg/m³", "format_profile_id": "concentration.ugm3.annual.1dp.v1", "approximation_label": null }, "format_profile_id": "concentration.ugm3.annual.1dp.v1", "evidence": [ { "claim_id": "claim-70899f795dcb", "role": "primary", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3" } ], "alternatives": [], "dependency_hash": "df1fc071ebd7eb75da3f02b90c27948a33ffe4bfa0350aee38f5c9abb5e12ee6" }, { "answer_id": "answer:city:es:cardona:derived-rent_flat", "slot_id": "city.derived.rent_flat", "answer_type": "derived", "status": "supported", "question": "What does a 60 m² flat cost?", "direct_answer": "About 222 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 3.7 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.", "qualifier": "Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.", "temporal": { "mode": "historical_observation", "source_period": "2022", "captured_at": "2026-08-26" }, "value": { "raw_value": 222, "normalized_value": 222, "machine_value": 222, "display_value": "222 EUR", "unit": "EUR/month", "format_profile_id": "currency.eur.monthly.answer.whole.v1", "approximation_label": "about" }, "evidence": [ { "claim_id": "claim-59c81cc70773", "role": "primary", "metric_id": "rent_avg_nettokalt_eur_per_m2_month" } ], "alternatives": [], "dependency_hash": "a36888c86201efccde0039cdde682853dd101c7c277bae0e8c433fb34f6a5971" }, { "answer_id": "answer:city:es:cardona:unemployment-current", "slot_id": "city.unemployment.current", "answer_type": "direct_metric", "status": "supported", "question": "What is the unemployment rate in Cardona?", "direct_answer": "The unemployment rate is 3 % (2026).", "qualifier": null, "temporal": { "mode": "historical_observation", "source_period": "2026", "captured_at": "2026-08-04" }, "value": { "raw_value": 3, "normalized_value": 3, "machine_value": 3, "display_value": "3", "unit": "%", "format_profile_id": "percent.1dp.answer.v1", "approximation_label": null }, "format_profile_id": "percent.1dp.answer.v1", "evidence": [ { "claim_id": "claim-706117eeb16e", "role": "primary", "metric_id": "unemployment_total_percent" } ], "alternatives": [], "dependency_hash": "ac87ec2be81a3c3277fe3c4dc0ef03b8896fb5b0f8a2867e367eb9e5daab793f" } ] } }