{ "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2", "schema_version": "immigrationdb-city-resource-v2", "generated_at": "2026-08-04", "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/boulogne-billancourt/", "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/fr/boulogne-billancourt", "editorial_copy": { "status": "reviewed", "reviewed_at": "2026-07-29", "copy_depth": "city_standard", "blocks": { "intro": "Boulogne-Billancourt is a city in France, with a population of 119,808 at the start of 2024. In 2021, the foreign population was 14,032. A monthly estimate placed internet service at €23 in December 2022. A monthly estimate placed basic utilities for an 85 m² home at €135 in December 2022.", "population_lead": "The city covered 6.2 km² in 2024. Population density was 19,482.2 people per km² in 2022.", "climate_lead": "Annual PM2.5 was 8.81 µg/m³ in 2024. Annual NO₂ was 19.3 µg/m³ in 2024.", "work_lead": "The unemployment rate was 8.6% at the end of 2022." }, "used_claim_count": 10, "uses_supplemental_cd": true }, "city": { "entity_id": "city:fr:insee5:92012", "name": "Boulogne-Billancourt", "country_code": "FR", "public_slug": "boulogne-billancourt", "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/boulogne-billancourt/", "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/fr/boulogne-billancourt", "page_state": "published", "useful_blocks": [ "climate_air", "work_income", "cost_living" ], "useful_fact_count": 20, "city_tags": [], "profile_scores": { "remote": { "point": 56, "low": 42, "high": 70, "factors": { "legal_path": 88, "cost_pressure": 53, "housing": 36, "work": 70, "family": 76, "education": 45, "healthcare": 45, "safety": 45, "air": 38, "bureaucracy": 45 }, "housing_budget": { "status": "unavailable", "currency": null, "fx_date": null, "normalized_monthly_eur": null, "source_id": null, "basis": null } }, "skilled_employee": { "point": 58, "low": 44, "high": 72, "factors": { "legal_path": 88, "cost_pressure": 53, "housing": 36, "work": 70, "family": 76, "education": 45, "healthcare": 45, "safety": 45, "air": 38, "bureaucracy": 45 }, "housing_budget": { "status": "unavailable", "currency": null, "fx_date": null, "normalized_monthly_eur": null, "source_id": null, "basis": null } }, "family": { "point": 55, "low": 41, "high": 69, "factors": { "legal_path": 88, "cost_pressure": 53, "housing": 36, "work": 70, "family": 76, "education": 45, "healthcare": 45, "safety": 45, "air": 38, "bureaucracy": 45 }, "housing_budget": { "status": "unavailable", "currency": null, "fx_date": null, "normalized_monthly_eur": null, "source_id": null, "basis": null } }, "student": { "point": 53, "low": 39, "high": 67, "factors": { "legal_path": 88, "cost_pressure": 53, "housing": 36, "work": 70, "family": 76, "education": 45, "healthcare": 45, "safety": 45, "air": 38, "bureaucracy": 45 }, "housing_budget": { "status": "unavailable", "currency": null, "fx_date": null, "normalized_monthly_eur": null, "source_id": null, "basis": null } }, "retirement": { "point": 49, "low": 35, "high": 63, "factors": { "legal_path": 88, "cost_pressure": 53, "housing": 36, "work": 70, "family": 76, "education": 45, "healthcare": 45, "safety": 45, "air": 38, "bureaucracy": 45 }, "housing_budget": { "status": "unavailable", "currency": null, "fx_date": null, "normalized_monthly_eur": null, "source_id": null, "basis": null } } }, "facts_by_block": { "identity": [ { "metric_id": "city_area_km2", "block_id": "identity", "value": 6.2, "unit": "km2", "geographic_scope": "place", "observed_at": "2024-01-01", "verified_at": "2026-06-30", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "fr_city_identity_collection", "source_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/", "source_title": "France city identity collection", "source_authority": "France city identity", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "foreign_population_total", "block_id": "identity", "value": 14032, "unit": "people", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2021", "verified_at": "2026-07-15", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "insee_rp2021_nat1_foreign_population_total", "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8202752/TD_NAT1_2021_csv.zip", "source_title": "Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT1", "source_authority": "INSEE", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "population_density_per_km2", "block_id": "identity", "value": 19482.171799, "unit": "people/km2", "geographic_scope": "place", "observed_at": "2022-01-01", "verified_at": "2026-07-14", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "fr_insee_comparator_2026", "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/2521169/base_cc_comparateur_csv.zip", "source_title": "A-ccepted source for city area and derived population density", "source_authority": "fr_insee_comparator_2026", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "population_total", "block_id": "identity", "value": 119019, "unit": "persons", "geographic_scope": "municipality", "observed_at": "2025-01-01", "verified_at": "2026-07-14", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "denom_fr_d3ad8424d312", "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8680726/ensemble.zip", "source_title": "France official denominator source", "source_authority": "France", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" } ], "cost_living": [ { "metric_id": "col_fitness_club_eur_month", "block_id": "cost_living", "value": 54.7275875250127, "unit": "EUR/month", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-27", "comparison_eligible": false, "source_id": "source-984e57b0a7d7", "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mvieira101/global-cost-of-living", "source_title": "Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2", "source_authority": "Kaggle dataset by Miguel Piedade; values scraped from Numbeo", "source_type": "independent", "source_badge": "Independent source", "source_quality": "supplemental" }, { "metric_id": "col_internet_60mbps_eur_month", "block_id": "cost_living", "value": 22.8920918309975, "unit": "EUR/month", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-27", "comparison_eligible": false, "source_id": "source-984e57b0a7d7", "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mvieira101/global-cost-of-living", "source_title": "Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2", "source_authority": "Kaggle dataset by Miguel Piedade; values scraped from Numbeo", "source_type": "independent", "source_badge": "Independent source", "source_quality": "supplemental" }, { "metric_id": "col_meal_inexpensive_restaurant_eur", "block_id": "cost_living", "value": 15.9224698131443, "unit": "EUR", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-27", "comparison_eligible": false, "source_id": "source-984e57b0a7d7", "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mvieira101/global-cost-of-living", "source_title": "Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2", "source_authority": "Kaggle dataset by Miguel Piedade; values scraped from Numbeo", "source_type": "independent", "source_badge": "Independent source", "source_quality": "supplemental" }, { "metric_id": "col_transport_monthly_pass_eur", "block_id": "cost_living", "value": 74.8337193353237, "unit": "EUR/month", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-27", "comparison_eligible": false, "source_id": "source-984e57b0a7d7", "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mvieira101/global-cost-of-living", "source_title": "Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2", "source_authority": "Kaggle dataset by Miguel Piedade; values scraped from Numbeo", "source_type": "independent", "source_badge": "Independent source", "source_quality": "supplemental" }, { "metric_id": "col_utilities_basic_85m2_eur_month", "block_id": "cost_living", "value": 135.312661614906, "unit": "EUR/month", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-27", "comparison_eligible": false, "source_id": "source-984e57b0a7d7", "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/mvieira101/global-cost-of-living", "source_title": "Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2", "source_authority": "Kaggle dataset by Miguel Piedade; values scraped from Numbeo", "source_type": "independent", "source_badge": "Independent source", "source_quality": "supplemental" } ], "work_income": [ { "metric_id": "broadband_gigabit_availability_percent", "block_id": "work_income", "value": 98.57, "unit": "percent", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2026-03-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-15", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "arcep_ma_connexion_internet_commune_debit_2026_t1", "source_url": "https://data.arcep.fr/fixe/maconnexioninternet/statistiques/2026_T1/commune/commune_debit.csv", "source_title": "Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage.", "source_authority": "ARCEP (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse)", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "unemployment_total_percent", "block_id": "work_income", "value": 8.604158, "unit": "percent", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2022-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-26", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "source-47126777a8de", "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8581605/TD_ACT1_2022_csv.zip", "source_title": "INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune", "source_authority": "Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE)", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" } ], "climate_air": [ { "metric_id": "air_quality_no2_annual_ug_m3", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": 19.274454519010117, "unit": "ug/m3", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2024", "verified_at": "2026-07-15", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024", "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer", "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.", "source_authority": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "air_quality_no2_current_ug_m3", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": 22.349999999999998, "unit": "ug/m3", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2026-07-15", "verified_at": "2026-07-15", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "lcsqa_geodair_e2_20260715", "source_url": "https://files.data.gouv.fr/ineris/lcsqa/concentrations-de-polluants-atmospheriques-reglementes/temps-reel/2026/FR_E2_2026-07-15.csv", "source_title": "Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata.", "source_authority": "LCSQA / INERIS / AASQA France", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "air_quality_pm10_annual_ug_m3", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": 19, "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_scope": "nearest_station", "observed_at": "2024-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-08-01", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "633:source:812679e270562340cba177adaf2dcf22", "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'FR'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM10'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json", "source_title": "EEA air quality statistics — FR PM10 annual mean 2024 (station Place de l'Opéra)", "source_authority": "European Environment Agency (EEA)", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": 8.810157285674656, "unit": "ug/m3", "geographic_scope": "city", "observed_at": "2024", "verified_at": "2026-07-15", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024", "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer", "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.", "source_authority": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "climate_monthly_high_c", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": [ 7.6, 8.8, 12.8, 16.6, 20.2, 23.4, 25.7, 25.6, 21.5, 16.5, 11.1, 8 ], "unit": "°C", "geographic_scope": "nearest_station", "observed_at": "1991-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-31", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2", "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv", "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS", "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "climate_monthly_low_c", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": [ 3.2, 3.3, 5.6, 7.9, 11.1, 14.2, 16.2, 16, 13, 9.9, 6.2, 3.8 ], "unit": "°C", "geographic_scope": "nearest_station", "observed_at": "1991-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-31", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2", "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv", "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS", 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"climate_air", "value": [ 47.6, 41.8, 45.2, 45.8, 69, 51.3, 59.4, 58, 44.7, 55.2, 54.3, 62 ], "unit": "mm", "geographic_scope": "nearest_station", "observed_at": "1991-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-31", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2", "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv", "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS", "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" }, { "metric_id": "climate_monthly_sunshine_h", "block_id": "climate_air", "value": [ 59, 83, 134, 177, 201, 203, 222, 215, 174, 118, 69, 56 ], "unit": "hours", "geographic_scope": "nearest_station", "observed_at": "1991-12-31", "verified_at": "2026-07-31", "comparison_eligible": true, "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2", "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv", "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS", "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI", "source_type": "official", "source_badge": "Official source", "source_quality": "verified" } ] } } }