{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-city-resource-v2",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-04",
  "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/colombes/",
  "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/fr/colombes",
  "editorial_copy": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-07-29",
    "copy_depth": "city_standard",
    "blocks": {
      "intro": "Colombes, a city in France, had a population of 88,870 at the start of 2024. In 2021, the foreign population was 15,030. The unemployment rate was 11.9% at the end of 2022.",
      "population_lead": "The city covered 7.8 km² in 2024. Population density was 11,612.3 people per km² in 2022.",
      "climate_lead": "Annual PM2.5 was 9.64 µg/m³ in 2024. Annual NO₂ was 20.1 µg/m³ in 2024. Annual PM10 was 18.5 µg/m³ in 2024."
    },
    "used_claim_count": 9,
    "uses_supplemental_cd": false
  },
  "city": {
    "entity_id": "city:fr:insee5:92025",
    "name": "Colombes",
    "country_code": "FR",
    "public_slug": "colombes",
    "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/colombes/",
    "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/fr/colombes",
    "page_state": "published",
    "useful_blocks": [
      "climate_air",
      "work_income"
    ],
    "useful_fact_count": 15,
    "city_tags": [],
    "profile_scores": {
      "remote": {
        "point": 59,
        "low": 45,
        "high": 73,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 62,
          "housing": 49,
          "work": 66,
          "family": 54,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 39,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "skilled_employee": {
        "point": 59,
        "low": 45,
        "high": 73,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 62,
          "housing": 49,
          "work": 66,
          "family": 54,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 39,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "family": {
        "point": 52,
        "low": 38,
        "high": 66,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 62,
          "housing": 49,
          "work": 66,
          "family": 54,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 39,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "student": {
        "point": 56,
        "low": 42,
        "high": 70,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 62,
          "housing": 49,
          "work": 66,
          "family": 54,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 39,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "retirement": {
        "point": 51,
        "low": 37,
        "high": 65,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 62,
          "housing": 49,
          "work": 66,
          "family": 54,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 39,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      }
    },
    "facts_by_block": {
      "identity": [
        {
          "metric_id": "city_area_km2",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 7.8,
          "unit": "km2",
          "geographic_scope": "place",
          "observed_at": "2024-01-01",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-30",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "fr_city_identity_collection",
          "source_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
          "source_title": "France city identity collection",
          "source_authority": "France city identity",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 15030,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2021",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "insee_rp2021_nat1_foreign_population_total",
          "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8202752/TD_NAT1_2021_csv.zip",
          "source_title": "Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT1",
          "source_authority": "INSEE",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_density_per_km2",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 11612.291933,
          "unit": "people/km2",
          "geographic_scope": "place",
          "observed_at": "2022-01-01",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-14",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "fr_insee_comparator_2026",
          "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/2521169/base_cc_comparateur_csv.zip",
          "source_title": "A-ccepted source for city area and derived population density",
          "source_authority": "fr_insee_comparator_2026",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 91053,
          "unit": "persons",
          "geographic_scope": "municipality",
          "observed_at": "2025-01-01",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-14",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "denom_fr_d3ad8424d312",
          "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8680726/ensemble.zip",
          "source_title": "France official denominator source",
          "source_authority": "France",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "work_income": [
        {
          "metric_id": "broadband_gigabit_availability_percent",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 97.57,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-03-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "arcep_ma_connexion_internet_commune_debit_2026_t1",
          "source_url": "https://data.arcep.fr/fixe/maconnexioninternet/statistiques/2026_T1/commune/commune_debit.csv",
          "source_title": "Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage.",
          "source_authority": "ARCEP (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse)",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "unemployment_total_percent",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 11.900112,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2022-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-47126777a8de",
          "source_url": "https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8581605/TD_ACT1_2022_csv.zip",
          "source_title": "INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune",
          "source_authority": "Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE)",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "climate_air": [
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_no2_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 20.06688897627074,
          "unit": "ug/m3",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
          "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.",
          "source_authority": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_no2_current_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 17.95714285714286,
          "unit": "ug/m3",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-15",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "lcsqa_geodair_e2_20260715",
          "source_url": "https://files.data.gouv.fr/ineris/lcsqa/concentrations-de-polluants-atmospheriques-reglementes/temps-reel/2026/FR_E2_2026-07-15.csv",
          "source_title": "Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata.",
          "source_authority": "LCSQA / INERIS / AASQA France",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm10_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 18.483890964412634,
          "unit": "ug/m3",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
          "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.",
          "source_authority": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 9.643227315546323,
          "unit": "ug/m3",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
          "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.",
          "source_authority": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_high_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            8.8,
            12.8,
            16.6,
            20.2,
            23.4,
            25.7,
            25.6,
            21.5,
            16.5,
            11.1,
            8
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          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "1991-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-31",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_low_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            3.3,
            5.6,
            7.9,
            11.1,
            14.2,
            16.2,
            16,
            13,
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            6.2,
            3.8
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "1991-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-31",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_mean_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            12.2,
            15.6,
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            17.2,
            13.2,
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            5.9
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "1991-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-31",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_precip_mm",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            45.2,
            45.8,
            69,
            51.3,
            59.4,
            58,
            44.7,
            55.2,
            54.3,
            62
          ],
          "unit": "mm",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "1991-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-31",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_sunshine_h",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            59,
            83,
            134,
            177,
            201,
            203,
            222,
            215,
            174,
            118,
            69,
            56
          ],
          "unit": "hours",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "1991-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-31",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "task-631-round2-2026-07-31:source:664e5cfea9d89e2b3328ae0fe73c45a2",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/France/CSV/PARIS_MONTSOURIS_07156.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station PARIS-MONTSOURIS",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}