{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-city-resource-v2",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-04",
  "canonical_path": "/cities/pl/lodz/",
  "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/pl/lodz",
  "editorial_copy": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-07-29",
    "copy_depth": "city_standard",
    "blocks": {
      "intro": "Łódź is a city in Poland. Its population was 645,693 at the end of 2024. The unemployment rate was 5.2% at the end of 2025.",
      "population_lead": "The city covered 293 km² in 2024. Population density was 2,204 people per km² in 2024.",
      "climate_lead": "Monthly mean temperatures were −1.5°C in January and 19.2°C in July. Monthly precipitation was 35.3 mm in January and 81.1 mm in July. Annual PM2.5 was 13 µg/m³ at the end of 2024."
    },
    "used_claim_count": 8,
    "uses_supplemental_cd": false
  },
  "city": {
    "entity_id": "city:pl:slug:lodz",
    "name": "Łódź",
    "country_code": "PL",
    "public_slug": "lodz",
    "canonical_path": "/cities/pl/lodz/",
    "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/pl/lodz",
    "page_state": "published",
    "useful_blocks": [
      "cost_living",
      "climate_air",
      "work_income"
    ],
    "useful_fact_count": 19,
    "city_tags": [
      "standard_municipality"
    ],
    "profile_scores": {
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        "point": 57,
        "low": 43,
        "high": 71,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 60,
          "family": 48,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 37,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "skilled_employee": {
        "point": 51,
        "low": 37,
        "high": 65,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 54,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 60,
          "family": 48,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 37,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "family": {
        "point": 48,
        "low": 34,
        "high": 62,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 54,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 60,
          "family": 48,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 37,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "student": {
        "point": 53,
        "low": 39,
        "high": 67,
        "factors": {
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          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 60,
          "family": 48,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 37,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "retirement": {
        "point": 48,
        "low": 34,
        "high": 62,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 54,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 60,
          "family": 48,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 37,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      }
    },
    "facts_by_block": {
      "identity": [
        {
          "metric_id": "city_area_km2",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 293,
          "unit": "km2",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "gus_bdl_2018_area_2024:ac9245bf949d",
          "source_url": "https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/api/v1/data/by-unit/{teryt_gmina}?var-id=2018&year=2024",
          "source_title": "GUS BDL / GUGiK area variable 2018",
          "source_authority": "GUS BDL / GUGiK",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 2888,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2021-03-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "gus_bdl_1653367_nsp2021_foreign:cac5504863cb",
          "source_url": "https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/api/v1/data/by-unit/{teryt_gmina}?var-id=1653367&year=2021",
          "source_title": "GUS BDL / NSP 2021 non-Polish citizenship variable 1653367",
          "source_authority": "GUS BDL / Statistics Poland, NSP 2021",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_density_per_km2",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 2204,
          "unit": "people/km2",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-15",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "gus_bdl_density_2024_from_population_and_area:270425a6c1a4",
          "source_url": "https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/api/v1/data/by-unit/051011661011?var-id=2018&var-id=72305&year=2024",
          "source_title": "Reproducible gmina density for Łódź: population_total_2024 / official area_2024, rounded to the metric contract precision 0.",
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          "source_type": "official",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 645693,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "gmina",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-14",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-a5b8f8037a76",
          "source_url": "https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/api/v1/data/by-unit/051011661011?var-id=72305&year=2024",
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        }
      ],
      "cost_living": [
        {
          "metric_id": "col_fitness_club_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 32.41,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_internet_60mbps_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 14.45,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_kindergarten_private_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 317.61,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_mobile_plan_10gb_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 7.3,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_transport_monthly_pass_eur",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 38.95,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_utilities_basic_85m2_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 270.68,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:bfe2cecac75ae47c6ee7c789384fd7f6",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lodz",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in Lodz (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
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          "source_type": "independent",
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        }
      ],
      "work_income": [
        {
          "metric_id": "unemployment_total_percent",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 5.2,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2025-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-594ee2eabbb8",
          "source_url": "https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/api/v1/data/by-variable/79214?lang=en&unit-level=6&year=2025",
          "source_title": "Local Data Bank — Share of registered unemployed persons in the working-age population by sex, total, 2025",
          "source_authority": "Statistics Poland (GUS) / Local Data Bank",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "climate_air": [
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_no2_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 17,
          "unit": "µg/m³",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "633:source:d01383ce37e7a5d65ff2f55ad06aee09",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'PL'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'NO2'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
          "source_title": "EEA air quality statistics — PL NO2 annual mean 2024 (station Łódź, ul. Gdańska)",
          "source_authority": "European Environment Agency (EEA)",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm10_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 22,
          "unit": "µg/m³",
          "geographic_scope": "nearest_station",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "633:source:a422272e27aa5e3663638bf34f241784",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'PL'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM10'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
          "source_title": "EEA air quality statistics — PL PM10 annual mean 2024 (station Łódź, ul. Gdańska)",
          "source_authority": "European Environment Agency (EEA)",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 13,
          "unit": "µg/m³",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-29",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-0651699c1099",
          "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=AirPollutant%3D%27PM2.5%27+AND+Country_ISO%3D%27PL%27+AND+YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant%2CAirPollutionLevel%2CCountry_ISO%2CStationName%2CAreaOfMeasurementStation%2CYearOfStatistics%2CUnitOfAirpollutionLevel%2CTypeOfMeasurementStation%2CDataCoverage%2CReportingMetric%2CLatitudeOfMeasurementStation%2CLongitudeOfMeasurementStation&returnGeometry=false&resultRecordCount=1000&resultOffset=0&f=json",
          "source_title": "EEA Air Quality Annual Statistics — Poland 2024 PM2.5 city station means",
          "source_authority": "European Environment Agency",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_high_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            2.9,
            7.4,
            14.4,
            19.4,
            22.7,
            24.9,
            24.6,
            19.1,
            13,
            6.8,
            2.4
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-4c0ffad2637d",
          "source_url": "https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE",
          "source_title": "IMGW-PIB climate normal — mean monthly maximum air temperature, ŁÓDŹ, 1991-2020",
          "source_authority": "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_low_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            -4,
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            -0.7,
            3.6,
            8.2,
            11.6,
            13.6,
            13.3,
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            5,
            1.3,
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          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-5a3024d8efd1",
          "source_url": "https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE",
          "source_title": "IMGW-PIB climate normal — mean monthly minimum air temperature, ŁÓDŹ, 1991-2020",
          "source_authority": "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_mean_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            3.1,
            9,
            13.8,
            17.1,
            19.2,
            18.7,
            13.7,
            8.6,
            3.9,
            0
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
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          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-5ee45501725a",
          "source_url": "https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE",
          "source_title": "IMGW-PIB climate normal — mean monthly air temperature, ŁÓDŹ, 1991-2020",
          "source_authority": "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)",
          "source_type": "official",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_precip_mm",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            34.1,
            37.6,
            35.2,
            60.9,
            62.3,
            81.1,
            54.1,
            53.4,
            44,
            39.4,
            40.7
          ],
          "unit": "mm",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-c25819d2506b",
          "source_url": "https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA",
          "source_title": "IMGW-PIB climate normal — monthly total precipitation, ŁÓDŹ, 1991-2020",
          "source_authority": "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)",
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          "source_badge": "Official source",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_sunshine_h",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            48.2,
            65.8,
            122.7,
            187,
            241.8,
            244.6,
            250.9,
            243.4,
            160.1,
            111.1,
            51.2,
            40.4
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          "unit": "hours",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-27",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-7727a4cd609f",
          "source_url": "https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL",
          "source_title": "IMGW-PIB climate normal — mean monthly sunshine duration, ŁÓDŹ, 1991-2020",
          "source_authority": "Institute of Meteorology and Water Management — National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB)",
          "source_type": "official",
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        }
      ]
    }
  }
}