{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-city-resource-v2",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-04",
  "canonical_path": "/cities/sa/riyadh/",
  "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/sa/riyadh",
  "editorial_copy": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-07-29",
    "copy_depth": "capital_or_hub_full",
    "blocks": {
      "intro": "Riyadh had 7,009,100 residents across 1,973 km² in 2022. Annual PM2.5 was 27.5 µg/m³ in 2024.",
      "climate_lead": "Monthly mean temperature moved from 14°C in January to 36.3°C in July. Average highs reached 43.9°C in July, while June, July and August each had 0 mm of precipitation. Monthly minimum temperatures ranged from 7.6°C in January to 27.3°C in July. The climate series records 0 hours of sunshine in each month of 2020.",
      "cost_of_living_lead": "July 2026 practical estimates placed basic utilities for an 85 m² home at €87.19 per month, internet at €60.74 and an inexpensive restaurant meal at €6.95. A monthly estimate placed a mobile plan with at least 10 GB of data at €28 in July 2026. A monthly estimate placed a fitness-club membership at €77.69 in July 2026.",
      "mobility_lead": "RUH was 27.2 km from Riyadh, with 80 listed destinations in June 2026.",
      "education_lead": "A monthly estimate placed private kindergarten fees at €453 in July 2026."
    },
    "used_claim_count": 17,
    "uses_supplemental_cd": true
  },
  "city": {
    "entity_id": "city:sa:wikidata:Q3692",
    "name": "Riyadh",
    "country_code": "SA",
    "public_slug": "riyadh",
    "canonical_path": "/cities/sa/riyadh/",
    "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/sa/riyadh",
    "page_state": "data_only",
    "useful_blocks": [
      "mobility_admin",
      "climate_air",
      "cost_living"
    ],
    "useful_fact_count": 17,
    "city_tags": [
      "capital",
      "standard_municipality"
    ],
    "profile_scores": {
      "remote": {
        "point": 48,
        "low": 34,
        "high": 62,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 54,
          "cost_pressure": 45,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 45,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 25,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "skilled_employee": {
        "point": 56,
        "low": 42,
        "high": 70,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 45,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 45,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 25,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "family": {
        "point": 48,
        "low": 34,
        "high": 62,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 45,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 45,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 25,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "student": {
        "point": 55,
        "low": 41,
        "high": 69,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 45,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 45,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 25,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "retirement": {
        "point": 47,
        "low": 33,
        "high": 61,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 45,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 45,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 25,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      }
    },
    "facts_by_block": {
      "identity": [
        {
          "metric_id": "city_area_km2",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 1973,
          "unit": "km2",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2022",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-12",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "sa_riyadh_stats",
          "source_url": "https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators",
          "source_title": "GASTAT — Riyadh Region / Riyadh governorate population (Census 2022)",
          "source_authority": "Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 7009100,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2022",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-12",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "sa_riyadh_stats",
          "source_url": "https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators",
          "source_title": "GASTAT — Riyadh Region / Riyadh governorate population (Census 2022)",
          "source_authority": "Riyadh, Saudi Arabia",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "cost_living": [
        {
          "metric_id": "col_fitness_club_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 77.689413671355,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_internet_60mbps_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 60.7350813219888,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_kindergarten_private_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 452.983735602246,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_meal_inexpensive_restaurant_eur",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 6.94565028650808,
          "unit": "EUR",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_mobile_plan_10gb_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 27.7594489784106,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_utilities_basic_85m2_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 87.1887480465359,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-4e5f175f5975",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/Riad",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in Riad",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        }
      ],
      "climate_air": [
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 27.5,
          "unit": "µg/m³",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-81c695295d3b",
          "source_url": "https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435245/GASTAT_LISC%2Breport_2025_EN.pdf/80b46893-12e0-2b26-2a54-70a1553169c1",
          "source_title": "GASTAT — Saudi Cities in Livability 2025, air-quality indicator 3.3",
          "source_authority": "General Authority for Statistics, Saudi Arabia",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_high_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            28,
            33.6,
            39.5,
            42.8,
            43.9,
            43.8,
            40.9,
            35.5,
            27.4,
            22.3
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          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-87a5ad6298bc",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_low_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            13.8,
            19.1,
            24.1,
            26.1,
            27.3,
            27,
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            18.9,
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          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
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          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_mean_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            35.2,
            36.3,
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          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
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          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-87a5ad6298bc",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
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        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_precip_mm",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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          "unit": "mm",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-87a5ad6298bc",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_sunshine_h",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
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            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0
          ],
          "unit": "hours",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-87a5ad6298bc",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/RiyadhNew_40437.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "mobility_admin": [
        {
          "metric_id": "nearest_airport_destinations_count",
          "block_id": "mobility_admin",
          "value": 80,
          "unit": "count",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-06-13",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-13",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "openflights_routes_dat",
          "source_url": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jpatokal/openflights/master/data/routes.dat",
          "source_title": "OpenFlights — routes.dat",
          "source_authority": "multi-country",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "nearest_airport_iata",
          "block_id": "mobility_admin",
          "value": "RUH",
          "unit": "code",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-06-13",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-13",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "ourairports_airports_csv",
          "source_url": "https://davidmegginson.github.io/ourairports-data/airports.csv",
          "source_title": "OurAirports — airports.csv",
          "source_authority": "multi-country",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "nearest_airport_km",
          "block_id": "mobility_admin",
          "value": 27.2,
          "unit": "km",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-06-13",
          "verified_at": "2026-06-13",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "ourairports_airports_csv",
          "source_url": "https://davidmegginson.github.io/ourairports-data/airports.csv",
          "source_title": "OurAirports — airports.csv",
          "source_authority": "multi-country",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}