{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-city-resource-v2",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-04",
  "canonical_path": "/cities/uk/london/",
  "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/uk/london",
  "editorial_copy": {
    "status": "reviewed",
    "reviewed_at": "2026-07-29",
    "copy_depth": "capital_or_hub_full",
    "blocks": {
      "intro": "London had 8,799,728 residents in Greater London in 2021, with a median age of 35.7 years. In 2024, the city had 3,822,330 dwellings. A monthly estimate placed private kindergarten fees at €2,332 in July 2026.",
      "climate_lead": "Monthly mean temperature moved from 6°C in January to 19.2°C in July. Monthly precipitation ranged from 37 mm in March to 66.9 mm in October. Annual PM2.5 was 11.2 µg/m³ in 2019. Average July highs reached 23.6°C.",
      "cost_of_living_lead": "July 2026 practical estimates placed basic utilities for an 85 m² home at €336.95 per month, internet at €35.36 and an inexpensive restaurant meal at €23.16. A monthly estimate placed a mobile plan with at least 10 GB of data at €16 in July 2026. A monthly estimate placed a fitness-club membership at €53.86 in July 2026.",
      "housing_lead": "In 2024, the city had 3,822,330 homes.",
      "work_lead": "The city employment rate was 74.3% in 2025. The unemployment rate was 6.5% from March to May 2026.",
      "people_lead": "The foreign-born share was 41% in the 2021 Census."
    },
    "used_claim_count": 16,
    "uses_supplemental_cd": true
  },
  "city": {
    "entity_id": "city:uk:wikidata:Q84",
    "name": "London",
    "country_code": "UK",
    "public_slug": "london",
    "canonical_path": "/cities/uk/london/",
    "mcp_uri": "immigrationdb://city/uk/london",
    "page_state": "published",
    "useful_blocks": [
      "work_income",
      "housing",
      "other",
      "cost_living",
      "climate_air"
    ],
    "useful_fact_count": 21,
    "city_tags": [
      "capital"
    ],
    "profile_scores": {
      "remote": {
        "point": 62,
        "low": 49,
        "high": 75,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 54,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 72,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 35,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "skilled_employee": {
        "point": 64,
        "low": 51,
        "high": 77,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 72,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 35,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "family": {
        "point": 50,
        "low": 37,
        "high": 63,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 72,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 35,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "student": {
        "point": 62,
        "low": 49,
        "high": 75,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 72,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 35,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      },
      "retirement": {
        "point": 51,
        "low": 38,
        "high": 64,
        "factors": {
          "legal_path": 88,
          "cost_pressure": 72,
          "housing": 45,
          "work": 72,
          "family": 45,
          "education": 45,
          "healthcare": 45,
          "safety": 45,
          "air": 35,
          "bureaucracy": 45
        },
        "housing_budget": {
          "status": "unavailable",
          "currency": null,
          "fx_date": null,
          "normalized_monthly_eur": null,
          "source_id": null,
          "basis": null
        }
      }
    },
    "facts_by_block": {
      "identity": [
        {
          "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 3575719,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "Greater London",
          "observed_at": "2021-03-21",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-29",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2b0cf568bcda",
          "source_url": "https://static.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS012-2021-2.csv",
          "source_title": "ONS Census 2021 TS012 country of birth, London local authorities",
          "source_authority": "Office for National Statistics",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "population_total",
          "block_id": "identity",
          "value": 9089736,
          "unit": "people",
          "geographic_scope": "Greater London",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-3cadec9c5d74",
          "source_url": "https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf",
          "source_title": "ONS mid-year population estimate for London",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / ONS",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "housing": [
        {
          "metric_id": "g05_dwellings_total",
          "block_id": "housing",
          "value": 3822330,
          "unit": "dwellings",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-220ddfc6927e",
          "source_url": "https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/housing-in-london-the-evidence-base-for-the-mayors-housing-strat-24rpx/",
          "source_title": "Greater London dwelling stock / homes total",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / MHCLG",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "cost_living": [
        {
          "metric_id": "col_fitness_club_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 53.8600472375308,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_internet_60mbps_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 35.3586810540454,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_kindergarten_private_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 2331.71629694809,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_meal_inexpensive_restaurant_eur",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 23.1556522947252,
          "unit": "EUR",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_mobile_plan_10gb_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 16.2089566063076,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_transport_monthly_pass_eur",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 222.03,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2024-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-08-01",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "633:source:27d5736f0257022a7de4abbd3e632b82",
          "source_url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/London",
          "source_title": "Numbeo — Cost of Living in London (Wayback capture 20241231223328)",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "col_utilities_basic_85m2_eur_month",
          "block_id": "cost_living",
          "value": 336.949474366694,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026-07-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": false,
          "source_id": "source-dde550a2a05f",
          "source_url": "https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London",
          "source_title": "Lebenshaltungskosten in London",
          "source_authority": "Numbeo",
          "source_type": "commercial",
          "source_badge": "Commercial source",
          "source_quality": "supplemental"
        }
      ],
      "work_income": [
        {
          "metric_id": "g03_employment_rate_pct",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 74.3,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2025",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-3cadec9c5d74",
          "source_url": "https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf",
          "source_title": "ONS mid-year population estimate for London",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / ONS",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "salary_median_gross_regional_eur_month",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 4223.621768,
          "unit": "EUR/month",
          "geographic_scope": "regional_context",
          "observed_at": "2025-04-30",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-29",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-8eb552b72e81",
          "source_url": "https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Femploymentandlabourmarket%2Fpeopleinwork%2Fearningsandworkinghours%2Fdatasets%2Fplaceofworkbylocalauthorityashetable7%2F2025provisional%2Fashetable72025provisional.zip",
          "source_title": "Office for National Statistics — ASHE Table 7.1a, 2025 provisional",
          "source_authority": "Office for National Statistics",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "unemployment_total_percent",
          "block_id": "work_income",
          "value": 7.4,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2026",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-3cadec9c5d74",
          "source_url": "https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf",
          "source_title": "ONS mid-year population estimate for London",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / ONS",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "climate_air": [
        {
          "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": 11.206,
          "unit": "µg/m³",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2019-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-890409b621d8",
          "source_url": "https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/air-pollution-documents/air-quality-and-health/who_ambient_air_quality_database_version_2024_%28v6.1%29.xlsx?download=true&sfvrsn=c504c0cd_3",
          "source_title": "WHO Ambient Air Quality Database V6.1 (update 2024)",
          "source_authority": "World Health Organization",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_high_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            8.6,
            9.1,
            11.9,
            15.1,
            18.4,
            21.4,
            23.6,
            23.3,
            20.2,
            15.9,
            11.6,
            9
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2ffded8aa046",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_low_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            3.5,
            3.5,
            5.1,
            6.9,
            9.7,
            12.5,
            14.7,
            14.6,
            12.3,
            9.5,
            6.1,
            3.9
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2ffded8aa046",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_mean_c",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            6,
            6.3,
            8.5,
            11,
            14,
            17,
            19.2,
            18.9,
            16.2,
            12.7,
            8.8,
            6.4
          ],
          "unit": "°C",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2ffded8aa046",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_precip_mm",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            58.1,
            43.6,
            37,
            42.5,
            44.7,
            50.5,
            43.1,
            54.9,
            49.8,
            66.9,
            65.7,
            58.6
          ],
          "unit": "mm",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2ffded8aa046",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "climate_monthly_sunshine_h",
          "block_id": "climate_air",
          "value": [
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0,
            0
          ],
          "unit": "hours",
          "geographic_scope": "city",
          "observed_at": "2020-12-31",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-26",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-2ffded8aa046",
          "source_url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv",
          "source_title": "WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV",
          "source_authority": "World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI",
          "source_type": "independent",
          "source_badge": "Independent source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ],
      "other": [
        {
          "metric_id": "g05_foreign_born_share_pct",
          "block_id": "other",
          "value": 41,
          "unit": "percent",
          "geographic_scope": "Greater London; residents",
          "observed_at": "2021 Census",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-3cadec9c5d74",
          "source_url": "https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf",
          "source_title": "ONS mid-year population estimate for London",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / ONS",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        },
        {
          "metric_id": "median_age_years",
          "block_id": "other",
          "value": 35.7,
          "unit": "years",
          "geographic_scope": "Greater London",
          "observed_at": "2024",
          "verified_at": "2026-07-16",
          "comparison_eligible": true,
          "source_id": "source-3cadec9c5d74",
          "source_url": "https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf",
          "source_title": "ONS mid-year population estimate for London",
          "source_authority": "Greater London Authority / ONS",
          "source_type": "official",
          "source_badge": "Official source",
          "source_quality": "verified"
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}
