--- entity_id: city:uk:wikidata:Q84 entity_type: city name: London country_code: UK country: United Kingdom slug: london canonical_url: https://immigrationdb.com/cities/uk/london/ json_url: https://immigrationdb.com/data/cities/uk/london.json markdown_url: https://immigrationdb.com/data/cities/uk/london.md mcp_uri: immigrationdb://city/uk/london snapshot_id: approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2 generated_at: 2026-08-04 last_verified: 2026-08-01 fact_count: 21 metric_dictionary_url: https://immigrationdb.com/data/metrics.json license_url: https://immigrationdb.com/about/copyright/ --- # London London had 8,799,728 residents in Greater London in 2021, with a median age of 35.7 years. In 2024, the city had 3,822,330 dwellings. A monthly estimate placed private kindergarten fees at €2,332 in July 2026. ## Climate Monthly mean temperature moved from 6°C in January to 19.2°C in July. Monthly precipitation ranged from 37 mm in March to 66.9 mm in October. Annual PM2.5 was 11.2 µg/m³ in 2019. Average July highs reached 23.6°C. ## Cost Of Living July 2026 practical estimates placed basic utilities for an 85 m² home at €336.95 per month, internet at €35.36 and an inexpensive restaurant meal at €23.16. A monthly estimate placed a mobile plan with at least 10 GB of data at €16 in July 2026. A monthly estimate placed a fitness-club membership at €53.86 in July 2026. ## Housing In 2024, the city had 3,822,330 homes. ## Work The city employment rate was 74.3% in 2025. The unemployment rate was 6.5% from March to May 2026. ## People The foreign-born share was 41% in the 2021 Census. ## Facts | Metric | metric_id | Value | Scope | Observed | Verified | Freshness | Lane | Source | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Foreign residents | `foreign_population_total` | 3,575,719 people | Greater London | 2021-03-21 | 2026-07-29 | stale | verified | [1] | | Population | `population_total` | 9,089,736 people | Greater London | 2024 | 2026-07-16 | stale | verified | [2] | | Dwellings | `g05_dwellings_total` | 3,822,330 dwellings | city | 2024 | 2026-07-16 | stale | verified | [3] | | Employment rate | `g03_employment_rate_pct` | 74.3 % | city | 2025 | 2026-07-16 | aging | verified | [2] | | Median gross salary (regional) | `salary_median_gross_regional_eur_month` | 4,223.6218 EUR/month | regional_context | 2025-04-30 | 2026-07-29 | aging | verified | [4] | | Unemployment rate | `unemployment_total_percent` | 7.4 % | city | 2026 | 2026-07-16 | fresh | verified | [2] | | PM2.5 — annual mean | `air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3` | 11.206 µg/m³ | city | 2019-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [5] | | Average daytime high by month | `climate_monthly_high_c` | Jan 8.6 · Feb 9.1 · Mar 11.9 · Apr 15.1 · May 18.4 · Jun 21.4 · Jul 23.6 · Aug 23.3 · Sep 20.2 · Oct 15.9 · Nov 11.6 · Dec 9 °C | city | 2020-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [6] | | Average night-time low by month | `climate_monthly_low_c` | Jan 3.5 · Feb 3.5 · Mar 5.1 · Apr 6.9 · May 9.7 · Jun 12.5 · Jul 14.7 · Aug 14.6 · Sep 12.3 · Oct 9.5 · Nov 6.1 · Dec 3.9 °C | city | 2020-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [6] | | Average temperature by month | `climate_monthly_mean_c` | Jan 6 · Feb 6.3 · Mar 8.5 · Apr 11 · May 14 · Jun 17 · Jul 19.2 · Aug 18.9 · Sep 16.2 · Oct 12.7 · Nov 8.8 · Dec 6.4 °C | city | 2020-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [6] | | Average precipitation by month | `climate_monthly_precip_mm` | Jan 58.1 · Feb 43.6 · Mar 37 · Apr 42.5 · May 44.7 · Jun 50.5 · Jul 43.1 · Aug 54.9 · Sep 49.8 · Oct 66.9 · Nov 65.7 · Dec 58.6 mm | city | 2020-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [6] | | Average sunshine by month | `climate_monthly_sunshine_h` | Jan 0 · Feb 0 · Mar 0 · Apr 0 · May 0 · Jun 0 · Jul 0 · Aug 0 · Sep 0 · Oct 0 · Nov 0 · Dec 0 hours | city | 2020-12-31 | 2026-07-26 | stale | verified | [6] | | Fitness club membership, monthly | `col_fitness_club_eur_month` | 53.86 EUR/month | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited | `col_internet_60mbps_eur_month` | 35.3587 EUR/month | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Private kindergarten, monthly | `col_kindergarten_private_eur_month` | 2,331.7163 EUR/month | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Meal at an inexpensive restaurant | `col_meal_inexpensive_restaurant_eur` | 23.1557 EUR | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Mobile plan, 10 GB | `col_mobile_plan_10gb_eur_month` | 16.209 EUR/month | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Monthly transport pass | `col_transport_monthly_pass_eur` | 222.03 EUR/month | city | 2024-12-31 | 2026-08-01 | stale | supplemental | [8] | | Basic utilities, 85 m² home | `col_utilities_basic_85m2_eur_month` | 336.9495 EUR/month | city | 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-26 | fresh | supplemental | [7] | | Residents born abroad | `g05_foreign_born_share_pct` | 41 % | Greater London; residents | 2021 Census | 2026-07-16 | stale | verified | [2] | | Median age | `median_age_years` | 35.7 years | Greater London | 2024 | 2026-07-16 | stale | verified | [2] | Every row keeps the value, unit, geographic scope, observation date, verification date and the numbered source below. A missing metric means the city does not publish it; nothing is imputed. ## Sources 1. ONS Census 2021 TS012 country of birth, London local authorities — Official source — https://static.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS012-2021-2.csv 2. ONS mid-year population estimate for London — Official source — https://apps.london.gov.uk/state-of-london/State%20of%20London%20report%202026.pdf 3. Greater London dwelling stock / homes total — Official source — https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/housing-in-london-the-evidence-base-for-the-mayors-housing-strat-24rpx/ 4. Office for National Statistics — ASHE Table 7.1a, 2025 provisional — Official source — https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Femploymentandlabourmarket%2Fpeopleinwork%2Fearningsandworkinghours%2Fdatasets%2Fplaceofworkbylocalauthorityashetable7%2F2025provisional%2Fashetable72025provisional.zip 5. WHO Ambient Air Quality Database V6.1 (update 2024) — Independent source — https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/air-pollution-documents/air-quality-and-health/who_ambient_air_quality_database_version_2024_%28v6.1%29.xlsx?download=true&sfvrsn=c504c0cd_3 6. WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 station CSV — Independent source — https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/UnitedKingdom/CSV/London_03770.csv 7. Lebenshaltungskosten in London — Commercial source — https://de.numbeo.com/lebenshaltungskosten/stadt/London 8. Numbeo — Cost of Living in London (Wayback capture 20241231223328) — Independent source — https://web.archive.org/web/20241231223328/https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/London ## Cite ImmigrationDB. "London, United Kingdom." Snapshot approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2, last verified 2026-08-01. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/uk/london/ Reuse requires the direct source URL, the observation date and a link back to the ImmigrationDB page: https://immigrationdb.com/about/copyright/ ## Data - HTML: https://immigrationdb.com/cities/uk/london/ - JSON: https://immigrationdb.com/data/cities/uk/london.json - Markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/cities/uk/london.md - MCP resource: immigrationdb://city/uk/london - Metric dictionary: https://immigrationdb.com/data/metrics.json - All published city facts, one row each: https://immigrationdb.com/data/facts.ndjson.gz - Release catalog: https://immigrationdb.com/data/catalog.json