{ "snapshot_id": "approved-static-c6015be852c3d22b", "page_version": "36deedc58e48eb1152660f771bff8fb6", "content_date": "2026-09-29", "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1", "generated_at": "2026-09-29", "citation": { "@type": "CreativeWork", "@id": "https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/#citation", "schema_version": "immigrationdb-citation-v1", "citation_type": "ImmigrationDB compilation", "canonical_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/", "title": "Cities with cleanest air in Canada", "author": { "name": "ImmigrationDB", "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/" }, "publisher": { "name": "ImmigrationDB", "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/" }, "snapshot_id": "approved-static-c6015be852c3d22b", "version": "36deedc58e48eb1152660f771bff8fb6", "retrieval_date": "2026-09-29", "build_date": "2026-09-29", "compilation_license": { "name": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "terms_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/about/copyright/" }, "formats": { "apa": "ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 29). Cities with cleanest air in Canada [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 36deedc58e48eb1152660f771bff8fb6]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/ Retrieved 2026-09-29. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "bibtex": "@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_cities-with-cleanest-air-in-canada_be66438e4f31,\n author = {ImmigrationDB},\n title = {Cities with cleanest air in Canada},\n publisher = {ImmigrationDB},\n year = {2026},\n date = {2026-09-29},\n version = {36deedc58e48eb1152660f771bff8fb6},\n url = {https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/},\n note = {Retrieved 2026-09-29. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n}", "markdown": "[Cities with cleanest air in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 36deedc58e48eb1152660f771bff8fb6; retrieved 2026-09-29; built 2026-09-29." }, "boundary_note": "This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately." }, "underlying_source_references": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "source_url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "source_title": "Official ECCC/NAPS 2024 annual daily-mean station observations, reproducibly aggregated as an arithmetic mean for eligible stations within 25 km of the target city coordinate. This is a derived place observation, not an asserted municipal monitor aggregate.", "publisher": "Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) Program", "source_quality": "verified", "last_checked": "2026-07-15" } ], "report": { "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1", "canonical_slug": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air", "canonical_path": "/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/", "title": "Cities with cleanest air in Canada", "question": "Cities with cleanest air in Canada", "short_answer": "Halifax, Canada has the lowest pm2.5 — annual mean of the 30 cities compared: 1.9 µg/m³ (Official ECCC/NAPS 2024 annual daily-mean station observations, reproducibly aggregated as an arithmetic mean for eligible stations within 25 km of the target city coordinate. This is a derived place observation, not an asserted municipal monitor aggregate., 2024).", "summary": "Canada cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings.", "report_type": "data_driven_report", "scope": "city", "status": "accepted", "indexability": "indexable", "population_floor": 20000, "excluded_counts": { "population_floor": 21, "country_distribution_outlier": 9 }, "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.", "methodology_id": "methodology-canada-cities-with-cleanest-air-v1", "methodology": { "summary": "Every row is a published pm2.5 — annual mean observation measured in µg/m³, ranked lowest first. The values were observed in 2024. A place appears only when it publishes this exact metric, so an absent place means missing data rather than a low value. Only published cities with at least 20,000 residents and city-level observations qualify.", "formula": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3 asc", "assumptions": [ "Source definitions, geographic grain and observation period remain visible for every row." ], "exclusions": [ "Supplemental sources, null values, incompatible units, rows without direct source URLs, places below the population floor, non-city observations and copied values are excluded." ], "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope" }, "freshness": { "last_checked": "2026-07-15", "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts", "field_dates_visible": true, "verified_at": "2026-07-15" }, "rows": [ { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:wikidata:Q2131", "label": "Halifax, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/halifax/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 480216, "value": 1.9, "value_display": "1.9 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15" } ], "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean", "label_owner_metric_id": null, "reader_label_role": "metric" }, { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:slug:campbell-river", "label": "Campbell River, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/campbell-river/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 35519, "value": 1.92, "value_display": "1.92 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15" } ], "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean", "label_owner_metric_id": null, "reader_label_role": "metric" }, { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:slug:charlottetown", "label": "Charlottetown, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/charlottetown/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 38809, "value": 2.08, "value_display": "2.08 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15" } ], "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean", "label_owner_metric_id": null, "reader_label_role": "metric" }, { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:slug:langford", "label": "Langford, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/langford/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 46584, "value": 2.375, "value_display": "2.38 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15" } ], "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean", "label_owner_metric_id": null, "reader_label_role": "metric" }, { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:slug:saanich", "label": "Saanich, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/saanich/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 125853, "value": 2.375, "value_display": "2.38 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; 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geographic grain: city", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15" } ], "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean", "label_owner_metric_id": null, "reader_label_role": "metric" }, { "row_id": "canada-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:ca:wikidata:Q2463899", "label": "Vancouver, Canada", "canonical_path": "/cities/ca/vancouver/", "country_code": "CA", "population_total": 706012, "value": 2.492222, "value_display": "2.49 µg/m³", "unit": "µg/m³", "geographic_grain": "city", "source_locator": null, "observation_period": "2024", "derivation": "identity", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "eccc_naps_2024_annual_dmean_pm25_annual", "url": "https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fair%2Fmonitor%2Fnational-air-pollution-surveillance-naps-program%2FData-Donnees%2F2024%2FContinuousData-DonneesContinu%2FAnnualSummaries-SommairesAnnuels%2F2024_AnnualPM25_EN.csv", "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; 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