{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-6fbe9b847dfeb5d6",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1",
  "generated_at": "2026-07-16",
  "report": {
    "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1",
    "canonical_slug": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations",
    "canonical_path": "/reports/cities-with-largest-foreign-populations/",
    "title": "Cities with the largest foreign populations",
    "question": "Cities with the largest foreign populations",
    "short_answer": "Sydney, Australia is first in the current published ranking at 1,958,674 people; compare its source date and geographic grain before using the result.",
    "summary": "Published city records ranked by the official number of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific.",
    "report_type": "data_driven_report",
    "scope": "multi-country cities",
    "status": "accepted",
    "indexability": "indexable",
    "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.",
    "methodology_id": "methodology-cities-with-largest-foreign-populations-v1",
    "methodology": {
      "summary": "Use compatible published metric fields (foreign_population_total), keep numeric verified rows with direct source URLs, and sort descending.",
      "formula": "foreign_population_total desc",
      "assumptions": [
        "Rows use compatible displayed units; source definitions and geographic grain remain available in the linked evidence."
      ],
      "exclusions": [
        "Supplemental sources, null values and rows without direct source URLs are excluded."
      ],
      "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope"
    },
    "freshness": {
      "last_checked": "2026-07-15",
      "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts",
      "field_dates_visible": true
    },
    "rows": [
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:au:abs_sua:1030",
        "label": "Sydney, Australia",
        "country_code": "AU",
        "value": 1958674,
        "value_display": "1,958,674 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere",
            "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/datapacks/download/2021_GCP_SUA_for_AUS_short-header.zip",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:au:abs_sua:2010",
        "label": "Melbourne, Australia",
        "country_code": "AU",
        "value": 1742428,
        "value_display": "1,742,428 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere",
            "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/datapacks/download/2021_GCP_SUA_for_AUS_short-header.zip",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:de:ags:11000000",
        "label": "Berlin, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 994590,
        "value_display": "994,590 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "destatis_foreign_population_2025"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "destatis_foreign_population_2025",
            "url": "https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/foreigner-laender-time-serie.html",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-05-28"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:au:abs_sua:5009",
        "label": "Perth, Australia",
        "country_code": "AU",
        "value": 757036,
        "value_display": "757,036 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere",
            "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/datapacks/download/2021_GCP_SUA_for_AUS_short-header.zip",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:at:slug:wien",
        "label": "Wien, Austria",
        "country_code": "AT",
        "value": 751778,
        "value_display": "751,778 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "statistik_austria_foreign_population_2026",
            "url": "https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/pages/407/Bev_Staatsangeh_Geburtsland_Gebietseinheiten_2026.ods",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:au:abs_sua:3001",
        "label": "Brisbane, Australia",
        "country_code": "AU",
        "value": 676222,
        "value_display": "676,222 people",
        "status": "accepted",
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        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere",
            "url": "https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/datapacks/download/2021_GCP_SUA_for_AUS_short-header.zip",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:es:slug:madrid",
        "label": "Madrid, Spain",
        "country_code": "ES",
        "value": 619086,
        "value_display": "619,086 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "evidence": [
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            "url": "https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?L=0&t=68537",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:nl:wikidata:Q9899",
        "label": "Amsterdam, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 562270,
        "value_display": "562,270 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "evidence": [
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            "url": "https://opendata.cbs.nl/ODataApi/OData/86165NED/TypedDataSet?%24filter=startswith%28WijkenEnBuurten%2C%27GM%27%29&%24select=WijkenEnBuurten%2CGemeentenaam_1%2CSoortRegio_2%2CIndelingswijzigingGemeenteWijkBuurt_4%2CAantalInwoners_5%2CNederland_17%2CEuropaExclusiefNederland_18%2CBuitenEuropa_19%2CBevolkingsdichtheid_34%2CPersonenautoSTotaal_104%2COppervlakteTotaal_115%2COppervlakteLand_116%2COppervlakteWater_117",
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          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:ca:wikidata:Q172",
        "label": "Toronto, Canada",
        "country_code": "CA",
        "value": 477230,
        "value_display": "477,230 people",
        "status": "accepted",
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        "source_quality": "verified",
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:cd5a9f1f24b4",
            "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:es:slug:barcelona",
        "label": "Barcelona, Spain",
        "country_code": "ES",
        "value": 414063,
        "value_display": "414,063 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "evidence": [
          {
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            "url": "https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?L=0&t=68537",
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          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:de:ags:02000000",
        "label": "Hamburg, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-05-28"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:nl:wikidata:Q2680952",
        "label": "Rotterdam, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 385206,
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        "status": "accepted",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:au:abs_sua:4001",
        "label": "Adelaide, Australia",
        "country_code": "AU",
        "value": 379952,
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        "status": "accepted",
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        "evidence": [
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:it:istat6:058091",
        "label": "Roma, Italy",
        "country_code": "IT",
        "value": 355837,
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        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:nl:wikidata:Q36600",
        "label": "'s-Gravenhage, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
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        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:ca:wikidata:Q340",
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            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:it:istat6:015146",
        "label": "Milano, Italy",
        "country_code": "IT",
        "value": 267986,
        "value_display": "267,986 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "evidence": [
          {
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:no:slug:oslo",
        "label": "Oslo, Norway",
        "country_code": "NO",
        "value": 254830,
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        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:jp:jis:271004",
        "label": "大阪市, Japan",
        "country_code": "JP",
        "value": 189281,
        "value_display": "189,281 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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          {
            "source_id": "e-stat:0000020101:A2201:2024",
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            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:pt:slug:lisbon",
        "label": "Lisbon, Portugal",
        "country_code": "PT",
        "value": 162306,
        "value_display": "162,306 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
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          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:ca:wikidata:Q36312",
        "label": "Calgary, Canada",
        "country_code": "CA",
        "value": 160225,
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        "status": "accepted",
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          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:nl:wikidata:Q803",
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        "value_display": "154,010 people",
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        "evidence": [
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            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:es:slug:valencia",
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        "country_code": "ES",
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        "status": "accepted",
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        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:it:istat6:001272",
        "label": "Torino, Italy",
        "country_code": "IT",
        "value": 139250,
        "value_display": "139,250 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
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        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "istat_strasa_2026_comuni",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:ca:wikidata:Q5783",
        "label": "Brampton, Canada",
        "country_code": "CA",
        "value": 137040,
        "value_display": "137,040 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:f72503226127",
            "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
            "locator": "foreign_population_total; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:dk:slug:copenhagen",
        "label": "Copenhagen, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 136901,
        "value_display": "136,901 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "source_ids": [
          "dst_folk1d_2026k1_foreign_citizens"
        ],
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:ca:wikidata:Q2096",
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        "country_code": "CA",
        "value": 132985,
        "value_display": "132,985 people",
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      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:be:nis5:11002",
        "label": "Anvers, Belgium",
        "country_code": "BE",
        "value": 131149,
        "value_display": "131,149 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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        "source_ids": [
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          {
            "source_id": "statbel_population_2026_foreign_derived",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
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        ]
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      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:jp:jis:141003",
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        "country_code": "JP",
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        "value_display": "126,744 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
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        ]
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      {
        "row_id": "cities-with-largest-foreign-populations:city:nl:wikidata:Q83178",
        "label": "Almere, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 115727,
        "value_display": "115,727 people",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "foreign_population_total",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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            "source_id": "cbs_86165NED",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
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      {
        "source_id": "abs_2021_gcp_sua_birthplace_elsewhere",
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        "title": "Official 2021 Census GCP G01 Birthplace_Elsewhere_P: persons born outside Australia, at exact associated 2021 SUA grain. This is foreign-born, not foreign nationality.",
        "publisher": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
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        "source_id": "destatis_foreign_population_2025",
        "url": "https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Migration-Integration/Tables/foreigner-laender-time-serie.html",
        "title": "Destatis — foreign population by Land and years",
        "publisher": "Germany",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-05-28"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statistik_austria_foreign_population_2026",
        "url": "https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/pages/407/Bev_Staatsangeh_Geburtsland_Gebietseinheiten_2026.ods",
        "title": "Bevölkerung am 01.01.2026 nach Staatsangehörigkeit und administrativen Gebietseinheiten",
        "publisher": "Statistik Austria",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
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      {
        "source_id": "ine_68537_foreign_population_derived",
        "url": "https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?L=0&t=68537",
        "title": "Official INE municipal population by country of nationality; foreign total derived as Total nationality minus España.",
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        "title": "CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population.",
        "publisher": "CBS",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:cd5a9f1f24b4",
        "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
        "title": "Statistics Canada Census Profile 2021 characteristic 1512: not Canadian citizens, population in private households, 25% sample data, at CSD grain. This is the exact foreign-citizenship interpretation used for foreign_population_total; it is not immigrant status.",
        "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "istat_strasa_2026_comuni",
        "url": "https://demo.istat.it/data/strasa/STRASA_2026_it_Comuni.zip",
        "title": "Official ISTAT STRASA estimate of resident foreign population by municipality at 1 January 2026; Età=999 is the total.",
        "publisher": "ISTAT",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:1466f461b629",
        "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
        "title": "Statistics Canada Census Profile 2021 characteristic 1512: not Canadian citizens, population in private households, 25% sample data, at CSD grain. This is the exact foreign-citizenship interpretation used for foreign_population_total; it is not immigrant status.",
        "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "ssb_09817_foreign_population_2026",
        "url": "https://data.ssb.no/api/v0/en/table/09817",
        "title": "SSB 09817 B-C / country background Total / Persons",
        "publisher": "Statistics Norway (SSB)",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "e-stat:0000020101:A2201:2024",
        "url": "https://www.e-stat.go.jp/dbview?sid=0000020101",
        "title": "Exact e-Stat municipality row A2201: 住民基本台帳人口（外国人）.",
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        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "pordata-municipal-table-101-total-nationality-2023",
        "url": "https://www.pordata.pt/municipios/populacao%2Bestrangeira%2Bcom%2Bestatuto%2Blegal%2Bde%2Bresidente%2Btotal%2Be%2Bpor%2Balgumas%2Bnacionalidades-101",
        "title": "Foreign population with legal resident status at 31 December; Total Nacionalidade; annual municipality value.",
        "publisher": "PORDATA | INE | AIMA/MP",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:3a87e54522f9",
        "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
        "title": "Statistics Canada Census Profile 2021 characteristic 1512: not Canadian citizens, population in private households, 25% sample data, at CSD grain. This is the exact foreign-citizenship interpretation used for foreign_population_total; it is not immigrant status.",
        "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:f72503226127",
        "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
        "title": "Statistics Canada Census Profile 2021 characteristic 1512: not Canadian citizens, population in private households, 25% sample data, at CSD grain. This is the exact foreign-citizenship interpretation used for foreign_population_total; it is not immigrant status.",
        "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
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        "title": "DST FOLK1D: population at the first day of the quarter, total sex, total age, STATSB=UDLAND (Foreign citizen). This is citizenship, not foreign-born or foreign-origin population.",
        "publisher": "Danmarks Statistik (DST)",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "statcan_df_csd_not_canadian_citizens_2021:2d7466ffacfc",
        "url": "https://api.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/profile/sdmx/rest/data/STC_CP,DF_CSD/A5.2021A00055909052.1.1+6+7+1512+1515.1?format=csv",
        "title": "Statistics Canada Census Profile 2021 characteristic 1512: not Canadian citizens, population in private households, 25% sample data, at CSD grain. This is the exact foreign-citizenship interpretation used for foreign_population_total; it is not immigrant status.",
        "publisher": "Statistics Canada",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
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        "title": "Official population by nationality at municipality grain; foreign population is TOTAL minus Belgique in the TOTAL row.",
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        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
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    "meaning_audit": [
      "Compare the displayed value, unit, source date and geographic grain together.",
      "A city label does not change a regional observation into a city measurement."
    ],
    "blockers": [],
    "counts": {
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      "rows_accepted": 30,
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      "accepted_items": 30,
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    }
  }
}