{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-c6015be852c3d22b",
  "page_version": "e83a49e037b3a31fe290c2fe48f740cf",
  "content_date": "2026-09-29",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-29",
  "citation": {
    "@type": "CreativeWork",
    "@id": "https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/#citation",
    "schema_version": "immigrationdb-citation-v1",
    "citation_type": "ImmigrationDB compilation",
    "canonical_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/",
    "title": "Cities with cleanest air in France",
    "author": {
      "name": "ImmigrationDB",
      "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/"
    },
    "publisher": {
      "name": "ImmigrationDB",
      "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/"
    },
    "snapshot_id": "approved-static-c6015be852c3d22b",
    "version": "e83a49e037b3a31fe290c2fe48f740cf",
    "retrieval_date": "2026-09-29",
    "build_date": "2026-09-29",
    "compilation_license": {
      "name": "CC BY 4.0",
      "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "terms_url": "https://immigrationdb.com/about/copyright/"
    },
    "formats": {
      "apa": "ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 29). Cities with cleanest air in France [ImmigrationDB compilation; version e83a49e037b3a31fe290c2fe48f740cf]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/ Retrieved 2026-09-29. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
      "bibtex": "@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_cities-with-cleanest-air-in-france_d39870896786,\n  author = {ImmigrationDB},\n  title = {Cities with cleanest air in France},\n  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},\n  year = {2026},\n  date = {2026-09-29},\n  version = {e83a49e037b3a31fe290c2fe48f740cf},\n  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/},\n  note = {Retrieved 2026-09-29. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},\n}",
      "markdown": "[Cities with cleanest air in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version e83a49e037b3a31fe290c2fe48f740cf; retrieved 2026-09-29; built 2026-09-29."
    },
    "boundary_note": "This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately."
  },
  "underlying_source_references": [
    {
      "source_id": "source-ea117e63a17c",
      "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
      "source_title": "European Environment Agency",
      "publisher": "European Environment Agency",
      "source_quality": "verified",
      "last_checked": "2026-08-03"
    },
    {
      "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
      "source_url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
      "source_title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.",
      "publisher": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA",
      "source_quality": "verified",
      "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
    }
  ],
  "report": {
    "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1",
    "canonical_slug": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air",
    "canonical_path": "/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/",
    "title": "Cities with cleanest air in France",
    "question": "Cities with cleanest air in France",
    "short_answer": "Auch, France has the lowest pm2.5 — annual mean of the 30 cities compared: 5 µg/m³ (European Environment Agency, 2024-12-31).",
    "summary": "France cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings.",
    "report_type": "data_driven_report",
    "scope": "city",
    "status": "accepted",
    "indexability": "indexable",
    "population_floor": 20000,
    "excluded_counts": {
      "population_floor": 1552
    },
    "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.",
    "methodology_id": "methodology-france-cities-with-cleanest-air-v1",
    "methodology": {
      "summary": "Every row is a published pm2.5 — annual mean observation measured in µg/m³, ranked lowest first. The values were observed between 2023 and 2024. A place appears only when it publishes this exact metric, so an absent place means missing data rather than a low value. Only published cities with at least 20,000 residents and city-level observations qualify.",
      "formula": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3 asc",
      "assumptions": [
        "Source definitions, geographic grain and observation period remain visible for every row."
      ],
      "exclusions": [
        "Supplemental sources, null values, incompatible units, rows without direct source URLs, places below the population floor, non-city observations and copied values are excluded."
      ],
      "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope"
    },
    "freshness": {
      "last_checked": "2026-08-03",
      "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts",
      "field_dates_visible": true,
      "verified_at": "2026-08-03"
    },
    "rows": [
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:32013",
        "label": "Auch, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/auch/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 22428,
        "value": 5,
        "value_display": "5 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-ea117e63a17c"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-ea117e63a17c",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-03"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:15014",
        "label": "Aurillac, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/aurillac/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 26214,
        "value": 5.194254445964443,
        "value_display": "5.19 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:64024",
        "label": "Anglet, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/anglet/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 43271,
        "value": 5.754555881228488,
        "value_display": "5.75 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:64102",
        "label": "Bayonne, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/bayonne/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 54306,
        "value": 5.754555881228488,
        "value_display": "5.75 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:64122",
        "label": "Biarritz, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/biarritz/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 26206,
        "value": 5.754555881228488,
        "value_display": "5.75 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:04112",
        "label": "Manosque, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/manosque/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 22718,
        "value": 5.894865375767344,
        "value_display": "5.89 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:58194",
        "label": "Nevers, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/nevers/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 33085,
        "value": 5.982162317178068,
        "value_display": "5.98 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:17299",
        "label": "Rochefort, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/rochefort/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 23460,
        "value": 6.2058403869407694,
        "value_display": "6.21 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:12202",
        "label": "Rodez, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/rodez/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 23981,
        "value": 6.237313092112767,
        "value_display": "6.24 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:08105",
        "label": "Charleville-Mézières, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/charleville-mezieres/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 45560,
        "value": 6.25675707135373,
        "value_display": "6.26 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:10387",
        "label": "Troyes, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/troyes/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 62088,
        "value": 6.270245085524609,
        "value_display": "6.27 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:63113",
        "label": "Clermont-Ferrand, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/clermont-ferrand/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 146351,
        "value": 6.415041340227134,
        "value_display": "6.42 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:71270",
        "label": "Mâcon, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/macon/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 35177,
        "value": 6.546161785576053,
        "value_display": "6.55 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:87085",
        "label": "Limoges, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/limoges/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 129937,
        "value": 6.705242027988056,
        "value_display": "6.71 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:22278",
        "label": "Saint-Brieuc, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/saint-brieuc/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 44364,
        "value": 6.710330528113169,
        "value_display": "6.71 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:79191",
        "label": "Niort, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/niort/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 59854,
        "value": 6.737188658814368,
        "value_display": "6.74 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:61001",
        "label": "Alençon, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/alencon/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 25490,
        "value": 6.82365481076152,
        "value_display": "6.82 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:17300",
        "label": "La Rochelle, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/la-rochelle/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 79851,
        "value": 6.834624818150841,
        "value_display": "6.83 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:28085",
        "label": "Chartres, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/chartres/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 38324,
        "value": 6.849352083840799,
        "value_display": "6.85 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:21231",
        "label": "Dijon, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/dijon/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 161830,
        "value": 6.881048832781699,
        "value_display": "6.88 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:29039",
        "label": "Concarneau, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/concarneau/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 20845,
        "value": 6.88271873568482,
        "value_display": "6.88 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:29232",
        "label": "Quimper, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/quimper/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 64385,
        "value": 6.88271873568482,
        "value_display": "6.88 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:14118",
        "label": "Caen, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/caen/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 109400,
        "value": 6.8848079561042415,
        "value_display": "6.88 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:14327",
        "label": "Hérouville-Saint-Clair, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/herouville-saint-clair/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 23470,
        "value": 6.8848079561042415,
        "value_display": "6.88 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:41018",
        "label": "Blois, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/blois/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 47219,
        "value": 6.929332488841031,
        "value_display": "6.93 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:36044",
        "label": "Châteauroux, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/chateauroux/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 42963,
        "value": 6.966903956120908,
        "value_display": "6.97 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:52448",
        "label": "Saint-Dizier, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/saint-dizier/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 22858,
        "value": 6.989175459163711,
        "value_display": "6.99 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-15"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:78361",
        "label": "Mantes-la-Jolie, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/mantes-la-jolie/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 43526,
        "value": 7,
        "value_display": "7 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-ea117e63a17c"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-ea117e63a17c",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-03"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:78362",
        "label": "Mantes-la-Ville, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/mantes-la-ville/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 22332,
        "value": 7,
        "value_display": "7 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-ea117e63a17c"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-ea117e63a17c",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-03"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      },
      {
        "row_id": "france-cities-with-cleanest-air:city:fr:insee5:01283",
        "label": "Oyonnax, France",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/fr/oyonnax/",
        "country_code": "FR",
        "population_total": 22480,
        "value": 7,
        "value_display": "7 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "city",
        "source_locator": null,
        "observation_period": "2023-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-2cd65fb9c148"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-2cd65fb9c148",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-03"
          }
        ],
        "reader_label": "PM2.5 — annual mean",
        "label_owner_metric_id": null,
        "reader_label_role": "metric"
      }
    ],
    "claims": [],
    "source_ledger": [
      {
        "source_id": "source-ea117e63a17c",
        "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
        "title": "European Environment Agency",
        "publisher": "European Environment Agency",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-08-03"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "eea_aq_ereporting_fr_2024",
        "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AirQualityDownloadServiceEUMonitoringStations/MapServer",
        "title": "2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.",
        "publisher": "EEA Air Quality e-Reporting / France reporting via LCSQA",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-07-15"
      },
      {
        "source_id": "source-2cd65fb9c148",
        "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query",
        "title": "European Environment Agency",
        "publisher": "European Environment Agency",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "last_checked": "2026-08-03"
      }
    ],
    "meaning_audit": [
      "Compare the displayed value, unit, source date and geographic grain together.",
      "A city label does not change a regional observation into a city measurement."
    ],
    "blockers": [],
    "counts": {
      "rows_total": 30,
      "rows_accepted": 30,
      "rows_blocked": 0,
      "accepted_items": 30,
      "blocked_items": 0
    },
    "category": "climate_environment",
    "verified_at": "2026-08-03",
    "row_count": 30,
    "country_codes": [
      "FR"
    ]
  }
}
