{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-bb6d69cd3c074ae2",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1",
  "generated_at": "2026-08-04",
  "report": {
    "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1",
    "canonical_slug": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25",
    "canonical_path": "/reports/germany-cities-lowest-pm25/",
    "title": "German cities with the lowest annual PM2.5",
    "question": "German cities with the lowest annual PM2.5",
    "short_answer": "Bad Krozingen, Germany is first in the current published ranking at 3 µg/m³; compare its source date and geographic grain before using the result.",
    "summary": "German cities ranked by the official Umweltbundesamt annual PM2.5 mean, lowest first.",
    "report_type": "data_driven_report",
    "scope": "country cities",
    "status": "accepted",
    "indexability": "indexable",
    "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.",
    "methodology_id": "methodology-germany-cities-lowest-pm25-v1",
    "methodology": {
      "summary": "Every row is a published pm2.5 — annual mean observation measured in µg/m³, ranked lowest first. The values were observed in 2024. A place appears only when it publishes this exact metric, so an absent place means missing data rather than a low value.",
      "formula": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3 asc",
      "assumptions": [
        "Source definitions, geographic grain and observation period remain visible for every row."
      ],
      "exclusions": [
        "Supplemental sources, null values, incompatible units and rows without direct source URLs are excluded."
      ],
      "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope"
    },
    "freshness": {
      "last_checked": "2026-08-01",
      "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts",
      "field_dates_visible": true
    },
    "rows": [
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q496391",
        "label": "Bad Krozingen, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/bad-krozingen/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q505862",
        "label": "Heitersheim, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/heitersheim/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q61661",
        "label": "Kandern, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/kandern/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q505468",
        "label": "Müllheim im Markgräflerland, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/mullheim-im-markgraflerland/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q61731",
        "label": "Schönau im Schwarzwald, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/schonau-im-schwarzwald/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q528062",
        "label": "Staufen im Breisgau, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/staufen-im-breisgau/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q505849",
        "label": "Sulzburg, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/sulzburg/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
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        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q61665",
        "label": "Todtnau, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/todtnau/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
        "source_quality": "verified",
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        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q61618",
        "label": "Zell im Wiesental, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/zell-im-wiesental/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 3,
        "value_display": "3 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
        "geographic_grain": "nearest_station",
        "observation_period": "2024-12-31",
        "derivation": "identity",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3",
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            "source_id": "633:source:e59880bbad02127166c13702bf53bfb5",
            "url": "https://air.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/AirQuality/AQ_Statistics_WM/MapServer/0/query?where=Country_ISO%3D'DE'%20AND%20AirPollutant%3D'PM2.5'%20AND%20YearOfStatistics%3D2024&outFields=AirPollutant,AirPollutionLevel,Country_ISO,StationName,YearOfStatistics,UnitOfAirpollutionLevel,ReportingMetric,LatitudeOfMeasurementStation,LongitudeOfMeasurementStation,DataCoverage,Preliminary&returnGeometry=false&f=json",
            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q7019",
        "label": "Albstadt, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/albstadt/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 4,
        "value_display": "4 µg/m³",
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            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q384264",
        "label": "Burladingen, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/burladingen/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 4,
        "value_display": "4 µg/m³",
        "unit": "µg/m³",
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            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q83088",
        "label": "Gammertingen, Germany",
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            "locator": "air_quality_pm25_annual_ug_m3; geographic grain: nearest_station",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-08-01"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "germany-cities-lowest-pm25:city:de:wikidata:Q82453",
        "label": "Hayingen, Germany",
        "canonical_path": "/cities/de/hayingen/",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 4,
        "value_display": "4 µg/m³",
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    "meaning_audit": [
      "Compare the displayed value, unit, source date and geographic grain together.",
      "A city label does not change a regional observation into a city measurement."
    ],
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}