{ "snapshot_id": "approved-static-99827d02fde8c07a", "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1", "generated_at": "2026-07-16", "report": { "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1", "canonical_slug": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure", "canonical_path": "/reports/major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure/", "title": "Major cities with the highest modelled solar exposure", "question": "Major cities with the highest modelled solar exposure", "short_answer": "Los Angeles, United States is first in the current published ranking at 5.6455 kWh/m²/day; compare its source date and geographic grain before using the result.", "summary": "NASA POWER annual mean daily surface shortwave energy in kWh/m²/day. This is a consistent solar-exposure metric and is not relabelled as sunny days.", "report_type": "data_driven_report", "scope": "multi-country city-coordinate grid", "status": "accepted", "indexability": "indexable", "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.", "methodology_id": "methodology-major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure-v1", "methodology": { "summary": "Use the compatible published metric climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day, keep one machine-readable unit family with direct source URLs, and sort descending.", "formula": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day desc", "assumptions": [ "Source definitions, geographic grain and observation period remain visible for every row." ], "exclusions": [ "Supplemental sources, null values, incompatible units and rows without direct source URLs are excluded." ], "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope" }, "freshness": { "last_checked": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z", "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts", "field_dates_visible": true }, "rows": [ { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:us-place-0644000", "label": "Los Angeles, United States", "country_code": "US", "value": 5.6455, "value_display": "5.6455 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-118.243680&latitude=34.052230&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:pt:slug:lisbon", "label": "Lisbon, Portugal", "country_code": "PT", "value": 4.7974, "value_display": "4.7974 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-9.149800&latitude=38.725090&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:pt:wikidata:Q190187", "label": "Sintra, Portugal", "country_code": "PT", "value": 4.7974, "value_display": "4.7974 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-9.378260&latitude=38.800970&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:es:slug:madrid", "label": "Madrid, Spain", "country_code": "ES", "value": 4.7033, "value_display": "4.7033 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-3.702560&latitude=40.416500&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:es:slug:valencia", "label": "Valencia, Spain", "country_code": "ES", "value": 4.6558, "value_display": "4.6558 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-0.379660&latitude=39.473910&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:fr:insee5:30189", "label": "Nîmes, France", "country_code": "FR", "value": 4.4086, "value_display": "4.4086 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=4.357880&latitude=43.836650&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:pt:wikidata:Q191135", "label": "Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal", "country_code": "PT", "value": 4.3932, "value_display": "4.3932 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=-8.612410&latitude=41.124010&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:es:slug:barcelona", "label": "Barcelona, Spain", "country_code": "ES", "value": 4.3752, "value_display": "4.3752 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=2.158990&latitude=41.388790&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; 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