{ "snapshot_id": "approved-static-99827d02fde8c07a", "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1", "generated_at": "2026-07-16", "report": { "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1", "canonical_slug": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure", "canonical_path": "/reports/major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure/", "title": "Major cities with the lowest modelled solar exposure", "question": "Major cities with the lowest modelled solar exposure", "short_answer": "Trondheim, Norway is first in the current published ranking at 2.273 kWh/m²/day; compare its source date and geographic grain before using the result.", "summary": "NASA POWER annual mean daily surface shortwave energy ranked low to high. The report does not infer cloud-free or sunny-day counts.", "report_type": "data_driven_report", "scope": "multi-country city-coordinate grid", "status": "accepted", "indexability": "indexable", "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.", "methodology_id": "methodology-major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure-v1", "methodology": { "summary": "Use the compatible published metric climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day, keep one machine-readable unit family with direct source URLs, and sort ascending.", "formula": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day asc", "assumptions": [ "Source definitions, geographic grain and observation period remain visible for every row." ], "exclusions": [ "Supplemental sources, null values, incompatible units and rows without direct source URLs are excluded." ], "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope" }, "freshness": { "last_checked": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z", "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts", "field_dates_visible": true }, "rows": [ { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:no:slug:trondheim", "label": "Trondheim, Norway", "country_code": "NO", "value": 2.273, "value_display": "2.273 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=10.395060&latitude=63.430490&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:no:slug:bergen", "label": "Bergen, Norway", "country_code": "NO", "value": 2.3683, "value_display": "2.3683 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=5.324150&latitude=60.392990&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:fi:wikidata:Q40886", "label": "Tampere, Finland", "country_code": "FI", "value": 2.5034, "value_display": "2.5034 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=23.761000&latitude=61.497800&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:fi:wikidata:Q47034", "label": "Espoo, Finland", "country_code": "FI", "value": 2.5709, "value_display": "2.5709 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=24.655900&latitude=60.205500&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:fi:wikidata:Q1757", "label": "Helsinki, Finland", "country_code": "FI", "value": 2.5709, "value_display": "2.5709 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=24.938400&latitude=60.169900&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:no:slug:oslo", "label": "Oslo, Norway", "country_code": "NO", "value": 2.6616, "value_display": "2.6616 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=10.746090&latitude=59.912730&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:ee:wikidata:Q13972", "label": "Tartu linn, Estonia", "country_code": "EE", "value": 2.6777, "value_display": "2.6777 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=26.722500&latitude=58.380000&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; geographic grain: city_coordinate_grid", "retrieved_at": "2026-07-16T06:53:07.287Z" } ] }, { "row_id": "major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure:city:ee:wikidata:Q1770", "label": "Tallinn, Estonia", "country_code": "EE", "value": 2.7098, "value_display": "2.7098 kWh/m²/day", "unit": "kwh/m²/day", "geographic_grain": "city_coordinate_grid", "observation_period": "2001-2020", "derivation": "ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN ANN; mean daily surface shortwave irradiance, not sunny-day count", "status": "accepted", "metric_id": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day", "source_quality": "verified", "source_ids": [ "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020" ], "evidence": [ { "source_id": "nasa_power_climatology_2001_2020", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE¶meters=T2M%2CT2M_MAX%2CT2M_MIN%2CPRECTOTCORR%2CALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=24.745000&latitude=59.437222&format=JSON", "locator": "climate_grid_solar_exposure_kwh_m2_day; 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