{
  "snapshot_id": "approved-static-6fbe9b847dfeb5d6",
  "schema_version": "immigrationdb-report-dataset-v1",
  "generated_at": "2026-07-16",
  "report": {
    "schema_version": "immigrationdb-generated-report-v1",
    "canonical_slug": "warmest-published-city-hubs",
    "canonical_path": "/reports/warmest-published-city-hubs/",
    "title": "Warmest published city hubs",
    "question": "Warmest published city hubs",
    "short_answer": "Phoenix, United States is first in the current published ranking at 23.51 °C; compare its source date and geographic grain before using the result.",
    "summary": "Capital, migration and major city hubs ranked by annual mean temperature in °C, using compatible published temperature fields.",
    "report_type": "data_driven_report",
    "scope": "multi-country cities",
    "status": "accepted",
    "indexability": "indexable",
    "not_advice_disclaimer": "This ranking is a source-backed reference. Read the source, geographic grain and observation date before comparing rows.",
    "methodology_id": "methodology-warmest-published-city-hubs-v1",
    "methodology": {
      "summary": "Use compatible published metric fields (temp_mean_annual_c, g11_mean_annual_temp_c, temp_annual_c, climate_avg_temp_annual_c, climate_avg_temp_c, g11_temperature_avg_c, g13_temperature_avg_c, g13_climate_temperature_annual_c), keep numeric verified rows with direct source URLs, and sort descending.",
      "formula": "temp_mean_annual_c | g11_mean_annual_temp_c | temp_annual_c | climate_avg_temp_annual_c | climate_avg_temp_c | g11_temperature_avg_c | g13_temperature_avg_c | g13_climate_temperature_annual_c desc",
      "assumptions": [
        "Rows use compatible displayed units; source definitions and geographic grain remain available in the linked evidence."
      ],
      "exclusions": [
        "Supplemental sources, null values and rows without direct source URLs are excluded."
      ],
      "source_policy": "Verified sources with direct URL and visible scope"
    },
    "freshness": {
      "last_checked": "2026-07-11",
      "status": "generated_from_current_reusable_facts",
      "field_dates_visible": true
    },
    "rows": [
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:us-place-0455000",
        "label": "Phoenix, United States",
        "country_code": "US",
        "value": 23.51,
        "value_display": "23.51 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "us_c7d97d0a3844"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
            "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/by_year/2023.csv.gz",
            "locator": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c; geographic grain: station_proxy",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-30"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:us-place-4835000",
        "label": "Houston, United States",
        "country_code": "US",
        "value": 23.01,
        "value_display": "23.01 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "us_c7d97d0a3844"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
            "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/by_year/2023.csv.gz",
            "locator": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c; geographic grain: station_proxy",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-30"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:us-place-0446000",
        "label": "Mesa, United States",
        "country_code": "US",
        "value": 22.99,
        "value_display": "22.99 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "us_c7d97d0a3844"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
            "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/by_year/2023.csv.gz",
            "locator": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c; geographic grain: station_proxy",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-30"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:us-place-1235000",
        "label": "Jacksonville, United States",
        "country_code": "US",
        "value": 22.52,
        "value_display": "22.52 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "us_c7d97d0a3844"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
            "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/by_year/2023.csv.gz",
            "locator": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c; geographic grain: station_proxy",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-30"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:us-place-0477000",
        "label": "Tucson, United States",
        "country_code": "US",
        "value": 22.04,
        "value_display": "22.04 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "us_c7d97d0a3844"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
            "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/by_year/2023.csv.gz",
            "locator": "g11_mean_annual_temp_c; geographic grain: station_proxy",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-30"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ro:wikidata:Q79812",
        "label": "Constanța, Romania",
        "country_code": "RO",
        "value": 11.7,
        "value_display": "11.7 °C (Mamaia station)",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "anm_normals_constanta_mamaia"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "anm_normals_constanta_mamaia",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g11_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:nl:wikidata:Q36600",
        "label": "'s-Gravenhage, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 10.77,
        "value_display": "10.77 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "nasa_power"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "nasa_power",
            "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE&parameters=T2M,T2M_MAX,T2M_MIN,PRECTOTCORR,WS10M,RH2M,ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=6.1&latitude=52.516666666&format=JSON",
            "locator": "temp_annual_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-12T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:nl:wikidata:Q2680952",
        "label": "Rotterdam, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 10.77,
        "value_display": "10.77 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "nasa_power"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "nasa_power",
            "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE&parameters=T2M,T2M_MAX,T2M_MIN,PRECTOTCORR,WS10M,RH2M,ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=6.1&latitude=52.516666666&format=JSON",
            "locator": "temp_annual_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-12T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ro:wikidata:Q19660",
        "label": "Bucharest, Romania",
        "country_code": "RO",
        "value": 10.7,
        "value_display": "10.7 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "anm_normals_bucuresti_baneasa"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "anm_normals_bucuresti_baneasa",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g11_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ro:wikidata:Q83406",
        "label": "Timișoara, Romania",
        "country_code": "RO",
        "value": 10.7,
        "value_display": "10.7 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "anm_normals_timisoara"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "anm_normals_timisoara",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g11_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ro:wikidata:Q24020",
        "label": "Brăila, Romania",
        "country_code": "RO",
        "value": 10.5,
        "value_display": "10.5 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "anm_normals_braila"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "anm_normals_braila",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g11_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ro:wikidata:Q23531",
        "label": "Craiova, Romania",
        "country_code": "RO",
        "value": 10.5,
        "value_display": "10.5 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g11_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "anm_normals_craiova"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "anm_normals_craiova",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g11_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:bg:wikidata:Q472",
        "label": "Sofia, Bulgaria",
        "country_code": "BG",
        "value": 10.5,
        "value_display": "10.5 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g13_temperature_avg_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "nimh_normals_sofia_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "nimh_normals_sofia_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://immigrationdb.com/methodology/",
            "locator": "g13_temperature_avg_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-14T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:nl:wikidata:Q9899",
        "label": "Amsterdam, Netherlands",
        "country_code": "NL",
        "value": 10.47,
        "value_display": "10.47 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "nasa_power"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "nasa_power",
            "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/climatology/point?community=RE&parameters=T2M,T2M_MAX,T2M_MIN,PRECTOTCORR,WS10M,RH2M,ALLSKY_SFC_SW_DWN&longitude=6.1&latitude=52.516666666&format=JSON",
            "locator": "temp_annual_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-12T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:de:ags:11000000",
        "label": "Berlin, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 10,
        "value_display": "10 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_mean_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/multi_annual/",
            "locator": "temp_mean_annual_c; geographic grain: land",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-05T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:de:ags:05334002",
        "label": "Aachen, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 9.8,
        "value_display": "9.8 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_mean_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/multi_annual/",
            "locator": "temp_mean_annual_c; geographic grain: land",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-05T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:de:wikidata:Q14888",
        "label": "Ahaus, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 9.8,
        "value_display": "9.8 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_mean_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/multi_annual/",
            "locator": "temp_mean_annual_c; geographic grain: land",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-05T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:de:wikidata:Q5276",
        "label": "Altena, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 9.8,
        "value_display": "9.8 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_mean_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/multi_annual/",
            "locator": "temp_mean_annual_c; geographic grain: land",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-05T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:de:wikidata:Q10944",
        "label": "Bad Berleburg, Germany",
        "country_code": "DE",
        "value": 9.8,
        "value_display": "9.8 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_mean_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "dwd_climate_normal_1991_2020",
            "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/grids_germany/multi_annual/",
            "locator": "temp_mean_annual_c; geographic grain: land",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-05T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:ie:wikidata:Q1761",
        "label": "Dublin, Ireland",
        "country_code": "IE",
        "value": 9.7,
        "value_display": "9.7 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "g13_climate_temperature_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-3802d6c971cf"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-3802d6c971cf",
            "url": "https://www.met.ie/climate/30-year-averages",
            "locator": "g13_climate_temperature_annual_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:dk:slug:ballerup",
        "label": "Ballerup, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 9,
        "value_display": "9 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-451c0de78599"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-451c0de78599",
            "url": "https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_c; geographic grain: region",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:dk:slug:fredericia",
        "label": "Fredericia, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 8.6,
        "value_display": "8.6 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-451c0de78599"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-451c0de78599",
            "url": "https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_c; geographic grain: region",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:dk:slug:odense",
        "label": "Odense, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 8.6,
        "value_display": "8.6 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-451c0de78599"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-451c0de78599",
            "url": "https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_c; geographic grain: region",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:dk:slug:svendborg",
        "label": "Svendborg, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 8.6,
        "value_display": "8.6 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-451c0de78599"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-451c0de78599",
            "url": "https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_c; geographic grain: region",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:dk:slug:greve",
        "label": "Greve, Denmark",
        "country_code": "DK",
        "value": 8.5,
        "value_display": "8.5 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "source-451c0de78599"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "source-451c0de78599",
            "url": "https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_c; geographic grain: region",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-07-11"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:no:slug:oslo",
        "label": "Oslo, Norway",
        "country_code": "NO",
        "value": 6.3,
        "value_display": "6.3 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "climate_avg_temp_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "met_frost_klimanormaler_annual"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "met_frost_klimanormaler_annual",
            "url": "https://frost.met.no/",
            "locator": "climate_avg_temp_annual_c; geographic grain: station_interpolated",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-12T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "row_id": "warmest-published-city-hubs:city:fi:wikidata:Q1757",
        "label": "Helsinki, Finland",
        "country_code": "FI",
        "value": 5.9,
        "value_display": "5.9 °C",
        "status": "accepted",
        "metric_id": "temp_annual_c",
        "source_quality": "verified",
        "source_ids": [
          "fmi_normals"
        ],
        "evidence": [
          {
            "source_id": "fmi_normals",
            "url": "https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/download-observations",
            "locator": "temp_annual_c; geographic grain: city",
            "retrieved_at": "2026-06-12T00:00:00Z"
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "claims": [],
    "source_ledger": [
      {
        "source_id": "us_c7d97d0a3844",
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