Living in Ibaraki

In Ibaraki, rents across existing tenancies average €9.57 per m² a month (2023).

An unemployment rate of 3.92% was measured at the end of 2020.

Last checked 2026-09-2425 sources

Population286,042people31 Dec 2024Official source · e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 — A2301 住民基本台帳人口（総数）, 調査年 2024年度

Median gross salary (region)355.2EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · www.e-stat.go.jp

Average net rent9.57EUR/m²/monthcountry median €6.27 — 53% aboveOfficial source · www.e-stat.go.jp

Unemployment rate3.92%country median 3.8% — 4% aboveOfficial source · 総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 就業状態等基本集計第1-2表)

Recorded crime610.6incidents per 100,00031 Dec 2025Official source · JP-27-Osaka-2025

PM2.5, annual mean8.9µg/m³country median 8.4 — 6% aboveOfficial source · MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 — 茨木市

Pricier rent than 89% of Japanese cities that publish it and dirtier air than 61% of Japanese cities that publish it.

Which Japan-wide rules apply when you move to Ibaraki?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in JapanNational rates and thresholds that apply in Ibaraki.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

Japan's Housing and Land Survey monthly-rent measure excludes security deposits, key money/right money and common-area charges. The Ministry of Land says deposit terms vary by regional custom; these sources provide context, not a comparable city-level distribution. Statistics Bureau glossary (2018) · MLIT rental-housing Q&A.

How much does it cost to rent in Ibaraki?

Average net cold rent is about 9.57 EUR/m² per month (2023 Housing and Land Survey), excluding heating and operating charges.

Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.

Average net rent (nettokalt): 9.57 EUR/m²/month · www.e-stat.go.jp¹⁷

What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€32

Mobile plan, 10 GB€22

Net rent across major citiesIbaraki highlighted among comparable cities

net rent, € / m² / month

Kawasaki€13.36

Yokohama€11.97

Osaka€10.65

Ibaraki€9.57

Hiroshima€8.38

Sapporo€7.56

Show the other 6 cities

Kyoto€10.46

Saitama€10.37

Fukuoka€9.00

Kobe€8.87

Sendai€8.85

Nagoya€8.81

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited	31.61 EUR/month	30 Sept 2026	ドコモ光月額料金 — NTTドコモ¹⁹Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB	21.56 EUR/month	30 Sept 2026	docomo mini 10GB³Official · national market
Housing vacancy rate	9.12 %	31 Oct 2023	2023 Housing and Land Survey, Table 1-2: Housing by occupancy status¹Official
Average net rent (nettokalt)	9.57 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €6.27	31 Dec 2023	www.e-stat.go.jp¹⁷Official
Average monthly rent (whole dwelling)	447.6 EUR/month	31 Oct 2023	Housing and Land Survey 2023, Table 112-3-2: Monthly Rent of Dwelling by Type of Dwelling — Japan, prefecture, shi, ku, machi and mura⁷Official

Is Ibaraki a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile

Remote worker54%strong on work, weak on air quality · range 46–62%

Skilled employee66%strong on work, weak on safety · range 58–74%

Student66%strong on education, weak on work · range 59–73%

Family74%strong on family, weak on legal route · range 67–81%

Retirement57%strong on safety, weak on admin · range 48–66%

Worked out from these numbers

What does a 60 m² flat cost?

About 574 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of about 9.57 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.

Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.

Source period: 2023 Housing and Land Survey

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Ibaraki?

The unemployment rate is about 3.9 % (October 2020).

Unemployment rate: 3.92 % · 総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 就業状態等基本集計第1-2表)²³

Unemployment across cities in JapanUnemployment in Ibaraki is 3.9%. Of 1,816 cities with data, 818 have unemployment of 3 to under 4%.

250

818

531

126

0–11–22–33–44–55–66–77–88–99–10

Ibaraki 3.9%

Unemployment rate (%)

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Public employment offices	1 count	15 Sept 2026	Hello Work Ibaraki — office list⁶Official
Median gross salary (regional)	355.2 EUR/month	31 Dec 2024	www.e-stat.go.jp¹⁸Official
Unemployment rate	3.92 %country median 3.8%	31 Dec 2020	総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 就業状態等基本集計第1-2表)²³Official

What does a salary buy in Ibaraki?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

Left over each month€0of €0 take-home

Rent
Internet
Mobile

Line-by-line breakdown and sources

Each month	€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions; euro amounts at the ECB average for 2026-08.	outside the model's range
Rent, 60 m²€9.57/m² · official · e-stat.go.jp · 2023-12-31	− €574
Internet€32 · official · ドコモ光月額料金 · 2026-09-30	− €32
Mobile plan€22 · official · docomo mini 10GB · 2026-09-30	− €22
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities	—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish	—

Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Ibaraki Salary needed to live in Ibaraki

Public employment offices in Ibaraki

Hello Work Ibaraki lists 1 public employment office in Ibaraki (checked 2026-09-16). Use the official office finder for addresses and appointments; registration and job search are also available online through the national service below.

Office count verified

Hello Work — Public employment service

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan

Job Search

Search jobs

Open the Japan service overview

The office count comes from the service's own directory. Individual addresses and opening hours are not listed here yet. Sources checked through 16 Sept 2026.

Family and education

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Schools	59 schools	1 May 2024	MEXT School Basic Survey 2024 municipality table 000040231127¹¹Official

Healthcare

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Hospital beds per 1,000 residents	13 per 1,000	31 Dec 2024	Japan official municipality health statistics 2024⁸Official
Hospital beds per 100,000 residents	1,300 beds per 100,000	31 Dec 2024	Japan official municipality health statistics 2024⁸Official
Hospitals	14 count	1 Jun 2026	医療情報ネット hospitals facility CSV²⁰Official
Pharmacies	136 count	1 Jun 2026	医療情報ネット pharmacies CSV²¹Official
Physicians per 1,000 residents	1.73 per 1,000	31 Dec 2024	Japan official municipality health statistics 2024⁹Official
Physicians per 100,000 residents	172.5 per 100,000	31 Dec 2024	Japan official municipality health statistics 2024⁹Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Ibaraki when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide

Hospital beds per 100,000 residents1,300 beds per 100,000Verified 2026-09-16

Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

How safe is Ibaraki?

Police recorded about 611 incidents per 100,000 (2025). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source.

Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents: 610.6 incidents per 100,000 · JP-27-Osaka-2025¹⁰

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Burglaries per 100,000 residents	3.13 incidents per 100,000	31 Dec 2025	JP-27-Osaka-2025¹⁰Official
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents	610.6 incidents per 100,000	31 Dec 2025	JP-27-Osaka-2025¹⁰Official
Violent crime per 100,000 residents	30.93 incidents per 100,000	31 Dec 2025	JP-27-Osaka-2025¹⁰Official

Mobility and administration

Ibaraki's nearest airport was ITM, 12 km away and offered 22 direct destinations.

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Direct destinations from the nearest major airport	22 count	3 Aug 2026	OpenFlights¹³Official
Destinations from nearest airport	34 count	2024	Unique direct scheduled destination endpoints for the nearest scheduled-service airport in the complete 97-airport MLIT universe; domestic endpoints come from the official 2024 annual route table and international endpoints from the official 2024 summer and winter direct scheduled-flight tables.¹⁵Official
Distance to the nearest major airport	12 km	3 Aug 2026	OurAirports¹⁴Official
Nearest major airport (IATA code)	ITM	3 Aug 2026	OurAirports¹⁴Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Ibaraki. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Japanese Language Education Program for Foreigners Living in Japan — State Language Course

Agency for Cultural Affairs

For foreigners living in Japan.

JapaneseIn Person, Online

Open official information

Open the full Japan section

National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Ibaraki.

Find courses near Ibaraki

Climate and air quality

Ibaraki's monthly mean temperatures were 6.2°C in January and 27.7°C in July. Ibaraki's monthly precipitation totalled 47 mm in January and 174.4 mm in July. Ibaraki's average monthly sunshine was 146.5 hours in January and 184 hours in July.

Is the air quality good in Ibaraki?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8.9 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 — 茨木市¹²

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C

0°

10°3°

14°6°

20°11°

25°16°

28°20°

32°25°

34°26°

30°22°

24°16°

18°10°

12°5°

JFMAMJJASOND

Night-time low to daytime high

Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm

103

102

137

185

174

113

153

136

JFMAMJJASOND

Sunshine through the yearAverage monthly sunshine, hours

147

141

172

193

204

154

184

222

162

166

153

152

JFMAMJJASOND

hours

Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

Within WHO 2021 guidelineAbove WHO, within EU limitAbove EU legal limitCity annual mean · µg/m³

PM2.58.9WHO 5 · EU 25

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in JapanAnnual PM2.5 in Ibaraki is 8.9 µg/m³. Of 804 cities with data, 209 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 9 µg/m³.

183

209

167

4–55–66–77–88–99–1010–1111–1212–1313–14

Ibaraki 8.9

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

Metric	Value	Period	Source
PM2.5 — annual mean	8.9 µg/m³country median 8.4	31 Mar 2024	MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 — 茨木市¹²Official
Average daytime high by month	Jan 9.7 · Feb 10.5 · Mar 14.2 · Apr 19.9 · May 24.9 · Jun 28 · Jul 31.8 · Aug 33.7 · Sep 29.5 · Oct 23.7 · Nov 17.8 · Dec 12.3 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA¹⁶Official · parent municipality
Average night-time low by month	Jan 3 · Feb 3.2 · Mar 6 · Apr 10.9 · May 16 · Jun 20.3 · Jul 24.6 · Aug 25.8 · Sep 21.9 · Oct 16 · Nov 10.2 · Dec 5.3 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA¹⁶Official · parent municipality
Average temperature by month	Jan 6.2 · Feb 6.6 · Mar 9.9 · Apr 15.2 · May 20.1 · Jun 23.6 · Jul 27.7 · Aug 29 · Sep 25.2 · Oct 19.5 · Nov 13.8 · Dec 8.7 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA¹⁶Official · parent municipality
Average precipitation by month	Jan 47 · Feb 60.5 · Mar 103.1 · Apr 101.9 · May 136.5 · Jun 185.1 · Jul 174.4 · Aug 113 · Sep 152.8 · Oct 136 · Nov 72.5 · Dec 55.5 mm	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA¹⁶Official · parent municipality
Average sunshine by month	Jan 146.5 · Feb 140.6 · Mar 172.2 · Apr 192.6 · May 203.7 · Jun 154.3 · Jul 184 · Aug 222.4 · Sep 161.6 · Oct 166.1 · Nov 152.6 · Dec 152.1 hours	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA¹⁶Official · parent municipality

Similar climate. In Japan: Marugame ±0.6 °C. Elsewhere: Little Rock (United States) ±2.3 °C, Carrollton (United States) ±2.5 °C, Lewisville (United States) ±2.5 °C, Oklahoma City (United States) ±2.9 °C, Murfreesboro (United States) ±3.2 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month

Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.

Population and city profile

The population density of Ibaraki stood at 3,761.7 people per km² at the end of 2020.

How many people live in Ibaraki?

The published population was 286,042 people in 2024. Source: e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 — A2301 住民基本台帳人口（総数）, 調査年 2024年度⁵

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

By nationality

National passport98%

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

Metric	Value	Period	Source
City area	76.49 km²	3 Aug 2026	国土地理院 (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)²²Official
Foreign-resident share	1.96 %	3 Aug 2026	総務省自治行政局 (住民基本台帳, 外国人住民 ÷ 総計)²⁵Official
Foreign residents	5,593 people	3 Aug 2026	総務省自治行政局 (住民基本台帳, 外国人住民)²⁵Official
Population density	3,762 people/km²	31 Dec 2020	総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 第1-1表)²⁴Official
Population	286,042 people	31 Dec 2024	e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 — A2301 住民基本台帳人口（総数）, 調査年 2024年度⁵Official

International community in Ibaraki

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Citizenship

Persons in the official 2020 Population Census Basic Complete Tabulation on Population and Households; sex-total population by source-native nationality category. · 2020

Published group	People	Share
Total	287,730	100.0%
Japanese	279,012	97.0%
Nationality not reported	5,502	1.9%
Foreigner	3,216	1.1%
People's Republic of China	1,217	0.4%
Republic of Korea	781	0.3%
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam	457	0.2%
Others	274	0.1%
Republic of the Philippines	127	0.0%
Republic of Indonesia	89	0.0%
United States of America	85	0.0%

Show 6 more groups

Published group	People	Share
Kingdom of Thailand	41	0.0%
Federative Republic of Brazil	41	0.0%
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal	40	0.0%
India	27	0.0%
Republic of Peru	19	0.0%
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	18	0.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source⁴

Additional context

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Median age	47.2 years	31 Dec 2026	2026 Resident Basic Register, population by age group by municipality (total residents)²Official

Alternatives for people set on Ibaraki

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Tsu as an Ibaraki alternative in the same country

Better on 5 of 6 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1. Recorded crime, per 100k cannot be compared like for like.

Foreign residents: 4.4% Tsu vs 2.0% Ibaraki+123%
Rent: €6.73/m² Tsu vs €9.57/m² Ibaraki−30%
Empty flats: 17.2% Tsu vs 9.1% Ibaraki+88%
Unemployment: 3.2% Tsu vs 3.9% Ibaraki−19%
Median gross pay, region: €308 Tsu vs €355 Ibaraki−13%
Recorded crime, per 100k: 625 Tsu vs 611 Ibarakino percentage
Hospital beds, per 100k: 1,517.0 Tsu vs 1,299.5 Ibaraki+17%

Full comparison More about Tsu

Alternative cities in Japan

Other cities in Japan to compare with Ibaraki, nearest in population first.

All Japan cities

Meguro-ku288,088 residents Totsuka-ku (Yokohama)283,709 residents Kita-ku (Sapporo)289,323 residents Minami-ku (Sagamihara)281,411 residents Akita293,729 residents Fushimi-ku (Kyoto)277,858 residents

How does Ibaraki compare?

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Put Ibaraki's key facts on your site — a card with this page's figures and a link back, free under CC BY 4.0.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Ibaraki?

The published population was 286,042 people in 2024. Source: e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 — A2301 住民基本台帳人口（総数）, 調査年 2024年度.

How much does it cost to rent in Ibaraki?

Average net cold rent is about 9.57 EUR/m² per month (2023 Housing and Land Survey), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 670 EUR a month before utilities. Source: www.e-stat.go.jp.

Is the air quality good in Ibaraki?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8.9 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 — 茨木市.

How safe is Ibaraki?

Police recorded about 611 incidents per 100,000 (2025). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: JP-27-Osaka-2025.

What is the unemployment rate in Ibaraki?

The unemployment rate is about 3.9 % (October 2020). Source: 総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 就業状態等基本集計第1-2表).

What is the typical salary around Ibaraki?

The median gross salary is 355.2 EUR/month. Source: www.e-stat.go.jp.

Is Ibaraki a good place to live?

Ibaraki may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

How many people are in the Japanese citizenship group in Ibaraki?

The official citizenship distribution records 279,012 people (97.0%) in the source-defined population for 2020. This is a citizenship measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation

ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Ibaraki, Japan: population, rent, salary, cost of living [ImmigrationDB compilation; version d4dd822889f50d29d7da6366df882d1f]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/jp/ibaraki/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BibTeX citation

@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_ibaraki-japan-population-rent-salary-cost-of-living_4b89b8c2634f,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Ibaraki, Japan: population, rent, salary, cost of living},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {d4dd822889f50d29d7da6366df882d1f},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/jp/ibaraki/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}

Markdown citation

[Ibaraki, Japan: population, rent, salary, cost of living](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/jp/ibaraki/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version d4dd822889f50d29d7da6366df882d1f; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown

2023 Housing and Land Survey, Table 1-2: Housing by occupancy status e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-09-17
2026 Resident Basic Register, population by age group by municipality (total residents) e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-09-24
docomo mini 10GB docomo.ne.jp · checked 2026-09-15
e-Stat / Statistics Bureau of Japan 2020 Population Census table 44-1 nationality e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-09-01
e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 — A2301 住民基本台帳人口（総数）, 調査年 2024年度 e-Stat 社会・人口統計体系市区町村データ基礎データ（オリジナル）0000020101 · e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-09-18
Hello Work Ibaraki — office list Hello Work Ibaraki · jsite.mhlw.go.jp · checked 2026-09-15
Housing and Land Survey 2023, Table 112-3-2: Monthly Rent of Dwelling by Type of Dwelling — Japan, prefecture, shi, ku, machi and mura Housing and Land Survey 2023, Table 112-3-2: Monthly Rent of Dwelling by Type of Dwelling · e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-09-12
Japan official municipality health statistics 2024 mhlw.go.jp · checked 2026-08-13
Japan official municipality health statistics 2024 mhlw.go.jp · checked 2026-08-13
JP-27-Osaka-2025 police.pref.osaka.lg.jp · checked 2026-09-15

Show 15 more sources

MEXT School Basic Survey 2024 municipality table 000040231127 e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-07-16
MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 — 茨木市 MOE Japan Air Pollution Monitoring Report FY2023 · env.go.jp · checked 2026-07-26
OpenFlights raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-08-03
OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
Unique direct scheduled destination endpoints for the nearest scheduled-service airport in the complete 97-airport MLIT universe; domestic endpoints come from the official 2024 annual route table and international endpoints from the official 2024 summer and winter direct scheduled-flight tables. mlit.go.jp · checked 2026-07-15
WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station OSAKA WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
www.e-stat.go.jp e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-08-27
www.e-stat.go.jp e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-08-27
ドコモ光月額料金 — NTTドコモドコモ光月額料金 · docomo.ne.jp · checked 2026-09-19
医療情報ネット hospitals facility CSV mhlw.go.jp · checked 2026-09-15
医療情報ネット pharmacies CSV mhlw.go.jp · checked 2026-09-15
国土地理院 (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan) gsi.go.jp · checked 2026-08-03
総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 就業状態等基本集計第1-2表) e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-08-03
総務省統計局 (e-Stat, 国勢調査2020 第1-1表) e-stat.go.jp · checked 2026-08-03
総務省自治行政局 (住民基本台帳, 外国人住民) soumu.go.jp · checked 2026-08-03

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.