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Living in Covina

There were 40,063 physicians per 100,000 residents in 2026. Covina had a population of 49,888 in July 2026. For Covina, median household income was US$98,671 a year in July 2026.

Last checked 2026-09-1938 sources

Population49,404people31 Dec 2025Official source · U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program
Median gross salary3,227EUR/month31 Dec 2024Community source · Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS)
Median rent1,697EUR/month31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Unemployment rate6.91%31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Recorded crime1,965offences per 100,000country median 1,586 — 24% aboveOfficial source · FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting
PM2.5, annual mean15µg/m³31 Dec 2024Independent source · EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024

Which United States-wide rules apply when you move to Covina?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in United StatesNational rates and thresholds that apply in Covina.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

Median gross rent was US$1,931 per month, while the median home value was US$718,900 in July 2026. Owner occupation was 58.8%, and the vacancy rate was 4.04% in July 2026. 52.1% of renter households spent at least 30% of income on housing in July 2026.

What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month
Covina recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€60
Mobile plan, 10 GB€22
MetricValuePeriodSource
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited60.38 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Verizon 300 Mbps home internet24Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB21.57 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Visible unlimited mobile plan25Official · national market
Median gross rent$1,931/month4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Households spending over 30% of income on rent52.12 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Housing vacancy rate (legacy series)4.04 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Property crime per 100,000 residents2,478 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics14Official
Average monthly rent (whole dwelling)1,789 EUR/month31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent)5Official
Median monthly rent1,697 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Recorded property crimes695 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Is Covina a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker48%strong on work, weak on air quality · range 39–57%
Skilled employee55%strong on work, weak on safety · range 46–64%
Student44%strong on education, weak on work · range 34–54%
Family42%strong on family, weak on cost · range 33–51%
Retirement39%strong on legal route, weak on admin · range 28–50%

Worked out from these numbers

How international is the population?

24.2% of residents hold a foreign nationality — 11,979 of 49,404 people. This counts nationality, not place of birth, so long-settled residents who naturalised are not in it.

Uses a supplemental estimate, so treat it as indicative.

Work and income

Unemployment across cities in United StatesUnemployment in Covina is 6.9%. Of 2,153 cities with data, 1,250 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median household income98,671 USD/year4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households with cable, fibre or DSL broadband75.6 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households with a broadband subscription92.08 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households with internet but no subscription1.3 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households without internet6.47 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households with satellite internet9.18 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Median gross salary3,227 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS)27Community estimate · Supplemental context
Median gross salary (regional)4,127 EUR/month31 Dec 2025www.bls.gov26Official
Unemployment rate6.91 %31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context

What does a salary buy in Covina?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

regional median gross pay: €4,127 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025-12-31).
Left over each month€1,345of €3,216 take-home
  • Rent
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions; euro amounts at the ECB average for 2026-08.€3,216
Rentaverage rent of a whole dwelling · official · ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) · 2020-12-31− €1,789
Internet€60 · official · Verizon 300 Mbps home internet · 2026-09-30− €60
Mobile plan€22 · official · Visible unlimited mobile plan · 2026-09-30− €22
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish€1,345
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Covina Salary needed to live in Covina

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Covina. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

American Job Centers — Public employment service

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration

Job Search
Open official service
Open the United States service overview

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Covina. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Family and education

MetricValuePeriodSource
Residents with high school education or higher88.4 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Schools44 schools30 Jun 2026NCES CCD public school count19Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · school district
School enrolment, share of residents25.18 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official

Healthcare

MetricValuePeriodSource
Mental health provider ratio1,590 ratio30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official
Primary care doctors per 100,000 residents40,063 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official
Preventable hospitalizations2,572 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Covina when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

Recorded crime across major citiesCovina highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Covina highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Philadelphia5,457
Houston5,442
San Antonio5,218
Chicago4,012
Dallas4,010
Austin3,709
Fort Worth3,158
Phoenix3,125
New York City3,039
Los Angeles2,212
San Diego2,082
Covina1,965
MetricValuePeriodSource
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents1,965 offences per 100,000country median 1,58631 Dec 2024FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting16Official
Violent crime per 100,000 residents356.4 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics14Official
Recorded violent crimes133 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Average commute time30.99 minutes4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Workers commuting by bicycle0.39 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Workers commuting by public transport1.9 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Workers walking to work1.55 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Nearest airportJID3 Aug 2026OurAirports22Official
Distance to nearest airport8 km3 Aug 2026OurAirports22Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Covina. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Adult Education and English Language Acquisition (AEFLA) — State Language Course

U.S. Department of Education

For adult learners, adult English-language learners.

EnglishIn Person, Online, HybridCost varies
Open official information

USCIS English and citizenship class finder — Civic Orientation

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

For immigrants, future citizens.

EnglishIn Person, OnlineCost varies
Open official information
Open the full United States section
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Covina.

Find courses near Covina

Climate and air quality

Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in United StatesAnnual PM2.5 in Covina is 15.0 µg/m³. Of 968 cities with data, 261 have annual PM2.5 of 6 to under 7 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
PM2.5 — annual mean15 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 202437Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Monthly extreme high temperatureJan 30.39 · Feb 29.53 · Mar 30.51 · Apr 34.58 · May 35.03 · Jun 40.47 · Jul 42.29 · Aug 38.76 · Sep 41.53 · Oct 37.66 · Nov 32.95 · Dec 27.57 °C31 Dec 2001NASA POWER / NASA Langley Research Center18Official
Monthly extreme low temperatureJan -1.03 · Feb -0.51 · Mar 1.83 · Apr 2.42 · May 6.31 · Jun 8.62 · Jul 12.78 · Aug 12.53 · Sep 11.09 · Oct 6.64 · Nov 1.44 · Dec 0.54 °C31 Dec 2001NASA POWER / NASA Langley Research Center18Official
Average temperature by monthJan 12.04 · Feb 12.15 · Mar 13.78 · Apr 15.1 · May 17.53 · Jun 20.35 · Jul 23.41 · Aug 23.88 · Sep 23.03 · Oct 19.47 · Nov 15.49 · Dec 11.78 °C31 Dec 2001NASA POWER / NASA Langley Research Center18Official
Average precipitation by monthJan 96.01 · Feb 109.7 · Mar 67.31 · Apr 17.27 · May 11.43 · Jun 3.3 · Jul 1.52 · Aug 0 · Sep 3.81 · Oct 20.07 · Nov 25.65 · Dec 69.09 mm31 Dec 1991NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information21Official
PM2.5, highest monitored reading60.7 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean13Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5, annual mean9.97 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean13Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5 monitoring sites12 monitors1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean13Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
Maximum July temperature24.5 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals20Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Average annual temperature16.32 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals20Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Minimum January temperature11.75 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals20Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation

Population and city profile

Foreign residents and their share come from different publications that count different groups (for example citizens of another country, or people born abroad, or of foreign origin), so 11,979 is not 7.9% of the population. Each row names its source.

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Foreign-resident share7.93 %31 Dec 2020Census Reporter (underlying U.S. Census ACS)11Official
Foreign residents11,979 people31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Transit service area population48,508 people4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Population density2,711 people/km²31 Dec 2025Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau12Official
Population49,404 people31 Dec 2025U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program23Official
Population covered by crime statistics48,777 people31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median home value718,900 USD4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Owner-occupied homes58.75 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Labour force participation rate67.56 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Residents born abroad24.01 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Naturalized citizens, share of residents16.08 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Non-citizens, share of residents7.93 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Flu vaccination coverage65.54 %30 Jun 2026CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage9Official
Mammography screening coverage75.4 %30 Jun 2026CDC mammography screening rate10Official
Residents without health insurance7.43 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Residents with a bachelor's degree or higher27.33 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Crime reporting agencies1 agencies1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics14Official
Households with a vehicle available96.97 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent7Official
Public transport agencies in the National Transit Database1 agencies4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Transit passenger trips, 202212,177 trips4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Transit vehicles in peak service, 20225 vehicles4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Workers aged 16 and over24,567 workers4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Workers mainly working from home12.53 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official
Households using cellular data plans88.02 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population8Official

Alternatives for people set on Covina

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Yorba Linda as a Covina alternative in the same region

23 km away, better on 4 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 2.

  • Median gross pay, city: €5,276 Yorba Linda vs €3,227 Covina+64%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 858 Yorba Linda vs 1,965 Covina−56%
  • Unemployment: 4.7% Yorba Linda vs 6.9% Covina−33%
  • Nearest airport: 16.0 km Yorba Linda vs 8.0 km Covina+100%
  • Annual PM2.5: 11.0 µg/m³ Yorba Linda vs 15.0 µg/m³ Covina−27%
  • Foreign residents: 6.2% Yorba Linda vs 7.9% Covina−22%
  • Residents: 65,632 Yorba Linda vs 49,404 Covina+33%
Full comparisonMore about Yorba Linda

Plainfield as a Covina alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 2721 km, better on 4 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 2.

  • Median gross pay, city: €4,830 Plainfield vs €3,227 Covina+50%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 741 Plainfield vs 1,965 Covina−62%
  • Unemployment: 3.8% Plainfield vs 6.9% Covina−45%
  • Annual PM2.5: 7.8 µg/m³ Plainfield vs 15.0 µg/m³ Covina−48%
  • Foreign residents: 6.1% Plainfield vs 7.9% Covina−23%
  • Nearest airport: 9.0 km Plainfield vs 8.0 km Covina+13%
  • Median gross pay, region: €4,043 Plainfield vs €4,127 Covinasame level
Full comparisonMore about Plainfield

Cities near Covina

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Charter Oak 2.3 km away
Rent
1,755 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
3,445 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Citrus 2.8 km away
Rent
2,166 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
2,963 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Vincent 4.2 km away
Rent
1,907 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
3,092 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
West Covina 5.3 km away
Salary
3,861 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2024-12-31

Alternative cities in United States

Other cities in United States to compare with Covina, nearest in population first.

All United States cities
Rosemead49,410 residentsSheboygan49,376 residentsShakopee49,366 residentsEast Lansing49,355 residentsWentzville49,495 residentsChesterfield49,309 residents

How does Covina compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Covina's.

Open the full comparison

Put Covina's key facts on your site — a card with this page's figures and a link back, free under CC BY 4.0.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

What is the typical salary around Covina?

The median gross salary is 4,127 EUR/month. Source: www.bls.gov.

What is the unemployment rate in Covina?

The unemployment rate is 6.91 %. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is the air quality good in Covina?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 15 µg/m³. The WHO 2021 guideline is 5 µg/m³ and the EU limit value is 25 µg/m³, so this reading is above the WHO guideline but within the EU limit. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024.

How safe is Covina?

Police recorded 1,965 offences per 100,000. This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting.

How many people live in Covina?

The published population is 49,404 people. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program.

How many foreign residents live in Covina?

11,979 residents hold a foreign nationality. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is Covina a good place to live?

Covina may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Which cities are near Covina?

Charter Oak, Citrus, Vincent, Glendora, Azusa are near Covina. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Covina, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 13cfbe614fa0b99476324926efb7d4d7]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/covina/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_covina-united-states-population-rent-salary-jobs_8efbb17bf1b5,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Covina, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {13cfbe614fa0b99476324926efb7d4d7},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/covina/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Covina, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/covina/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 13cfbe614fa0b99476324926efb7d4d7; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. 2024 American Community Survey 5-year detailed tables api.census.gov · checked 2026-10-04
  2. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  3. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B25031 (Median Gross Rent by Bedrooms) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  4. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B25064 (Median Gross Rent), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  5. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  6. ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  7. ACS median gross rent api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  8. ACS total population api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  9. CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  10. CDC mammography screening rate data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
Show 28 more sources
  1. Census Reporter (underlying U.S. Census ACS) api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
  2. Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
  3. EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  4. FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  5. FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip) cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-05
  6. FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-08-04
  7. HRSA mental health provider ratio data.hrsa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. NASA POWER / NASA Langley Research Center power.larc.nasa.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  9. NCES CCD public school count nces.ed.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  10. NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  11. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  12. OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
  13. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program www2.census.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  14. Verizon 300 Mbps home internet verizon.com · checked 2026-09-15
  15. Visible unlimited mobile plan visible.com · checked 2026-09-15
  16. www.bls.gov bls.gov · checked 2026-08-27
  17. Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS) api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-09-11
  18. Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-26
  19. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  22. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  23. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  24. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  25. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  26. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  27. EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024 aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-26
  28. Wikidata P1566 (GeoNames ID) exact join -> P625 (coordinate location) wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-11

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.