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Living in Richmond

In Richmond (California), the median gross salary is €3,409 a month (2024).

The city had 54 schools in 2026. In July 2026, owner occupation was 54.7% and the vacancy rate was 4.01%. Its population was 115,505 in July 2026. There were 7,263 physicians per 100,000 residents in 2026.

Last checked 2026-09-1938 sources

Population114,861people31 Dec 2025Official source · U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program
Median gross salary3,409EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records
Median rent1,723EUR/month31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Unemployment rate8.35%31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Recorded crime3,685offences per 100,000country median 1,586 — 132% aboveOfficial source · FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting
PM2.5, annual mean6.65µg/m³country median 7.0 — 5% belowOfficial source · EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024

More recorded crime than 89% of American cities that publish it and cleaner air than 61% of American cities that publish it.

Which United States-wide rules apply when you move to Richmond?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Housing and cost

Median gross rent was US$1,960 per month, while the median home value was US$668,200 in July 2026. 56.1% of renter households spent at least 30% of income on housing in July 2026.

What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month
Richmond recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€60
Mobile plan, 10 GB€22
MetricValuePeriodSource
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited60.38 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Verizon 300 Mbps home internet26Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB21.57 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Visible unlimited mobile plan27Official · national market
Median gross rent$1,960/month4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Households spending over 30% of income on rent56.05 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Housing vacancy rate (legacy series)4.01 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Property crime per 100,000 residents3,773 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics14Official
Average monthly rent (whole dwelling)1,840 EUR/month31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent)4Official
Median monthly rent1,723 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables29Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Recorded property crimes2,349 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Is Richmond a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker43%strong on work, weak on safety · range 35–51%
Skilled employee49%strong on work, weak on safety · range 41–57%
Student40%strong on education, weak on work · range 31–49%
Family38%strong on family, weak on cost · range 30–46%
Retirement41%strong on air quality, weak on admin · range 32–50%

Worked out from these numbers

How international is the population?

34.7% of residents hold a foreign nationality — 39,822 of 114,861 people. This counts nationality, not place of birth, so long-settled residents who naturalised are not in it.

Work and income

Median household income was US$95,391 a year in July 2026.

Unemployment across cities in United StatesUnemployment in Richmond is 8.4%. Of 2,153 cities with data, 1,250 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median household income95,391 USD/year4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households with cable, fibre or DSL broadband77.34 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households with a broadband subscription92.98 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households with internet but no subscription1.71 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households without internet4.98 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households with satellite internet6.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Median gross salary3,409 EUR/month31 Dec 2024ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records5Official
Median gross salary (regional)5,487 EUR/month31 Dec 2025www.bls.gov28Official
Unemployment rate8.35 %31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables29Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context

What does a salary buy in Richmond?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

Richmond median gross pay: €3,409 (ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records, 2024-12-31).
Left over each month€763of €2,685 take-home
  • Rent
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions; euro amounts at the ECB average for 2026-08.€2,685
Rentaverage rent of a whole dwelling · official · ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) · 2020-12-31− €1,840
Internet€60 · official · Verizon 300 Mbps home internet · 2026-09-30− €60
Mobile plan€22 · official · Visible unlimited mobile plan · 2026-09-30− €22
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish€763
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Richmond Salary needed to live in Richmond

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Richmond. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

American Job Centers — Public employment service

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration

Job Search

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Richmond. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Family and education

MetricValuePeriodSource
Residents with high school education or higher79.54 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Schools54 schools30 Jun 2026NCES CCD public school count18Official
School enrolment, share of residents25.25 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official

Healthcare

MetricValuePeriodSource
Mental health provider ratio318 ratio30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official
Primary care doctors per 100,000 residents7,263 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official
Preventable hospitalizations2,102 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio17Official
GP practices92 count13 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202621Official
Hospitals12 count30 Sept 2026CMS Hospital General Information11Official
Pharmacies15 count13 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202621Official
Physicians per 100,000 residents167.2 per 100,00013 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202621Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Richmond when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

Recorded crime across major citiesRichmond highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Richmond highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Philadelphia5,457
Houston5,442
San Antonio5,218
Chicago4,012
Dallas4,010
Austin3,709
Richmond3,516
Fort Worth3,158
Phoenix3,125
New York City3,039
Los Angeles2,212
San Diego2,082
MetricValuePeriodSource
Burglaries per 100,000 residents129.6 incidents per 100,00031 Dec 2024US-FBI-CDE-CA0071000-202424Official
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents3,685 offences per 100,000country median 1,58631 Dec 2024FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting16Official
Violent crime per 100,000 residents962.8 incidents per 100,00031 Dec 2024US-FBI-CDE-CA0071000-202425Official
Recorded violent crimes936 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Average commute time34.22 minutes4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Workers commuting by bicycle0.36 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Workers commuting by public transport8.22 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Workers walking to work1.36 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Nearest airportCCR3 Aug 2026OurAirports22Official
Distance to nearest airport26 km3 Aug 2026OurAirports22Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Richmond. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Adult Education and English Language Acquisition (AEFLA) — State Language Course

U.S. Department of Education

For adult learners, adult English-language learners.

EnglishIn Person, Online, HybridCost varies

USCIS English and citizenship class finder — Civic Orientation

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

For immigrants, future citizens.

EnglishIn Person, OnlineCost varies
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Richmond.

Find courses near Richmond

Climate and air quality

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in United StatesAnnual PM2.5 in Richmond is 6.7 µg/m³. Of 968 cities with data, 261 have annual PM2.5 of 6 to under 7 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
PM2.5 — annual mean6.65 µg/m³country median 7.031 Dec 2024EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 202413Official
Average daytime high by monthJan 14.56 · Feb 16.28 · Mar 17.83 · Apr 19.56 · May 20.56 · Jun 22.17 · Jul 21.56 · Aug 22.33 · Sep 23.72 · Oct 22.67 · Nov 18.22 · Dec 14.56 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991-202020Official
Average night-time low by monthJan 6.72 · Feb 7.72 · Mar 8.56 · Apr 9.61 · May 11.11 · Jun 12.28 · Jul 12.89 · Aug 13.28 · Sep 13.44 · Oct 12.06 · Nov 9.28 · Dec 6.89 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991-202020Official
Average temperature by monthJan 10.61 · Feb 12 · Mar 13.22 · Apr 14.56 · May 15.83 · Jun 17.22 · Jul 17.22 · Aug 17.78 · Sep 18.56 · Oct 17.39 · Nov 13.72 · Dec 10.72 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991-202020Official
Average precipitation by monthJan 122.7 · Feb 120.9 · Mar 80.52 · Apr 39.88 · May 18.29 · Jun 6.86 · Jul 0 · Aug 1.78 · Sep 0.76 · Oct 36.07 · Nov 67.82 · Dec 124.5 mm1991–2020NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991-202020Official
PM2.5, highest monitored reading47.1 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean12Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5, annual mean6.88 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean12Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5 monitoring sites12 monitors1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean12Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
Annual precipitation346 mm30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals19Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Maximum July temperature17.31 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals19Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Average annual temperature14.8 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals19Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Minimum January temperature9.83 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals19Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation

Population and city profile

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Foreign-resident share34.48 %31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records2Official
Foreign residents39,822 people31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records2Official
Population density1,476 people/km²31 Dec 2025Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau10Official
Population114,861 people31 Dec 2025U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program23Official
Population covered by crime statistics115,149 people31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)15Official

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median home value668,200 USD4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Owner-occupied homes54.7 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Labour force participation rate66.7 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Residents born abroad34.48 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Naturalized citizens, share of residents15.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Non-citizens, share of residents18.54 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Flu vaccination coverage65.54 %30 Jun 2026CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage8Official
Mammography screening coverage74.7 %30 Jun 2026CDC mammography screening rate9Official
Residents without health insurance7.39 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Residents with a bachelor's degree or higher33.01 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Crime reporting agencies1 agencies1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics14Official
Households with a vehicle available91.74 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent6Official
Public transport agencies in the National Transit Database0 agencies4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Workers aged 16 and over55,568 workers4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Workers mainly working from home13.95 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official
Households using cellular data plans89.04 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population7Official

Alternatives for people set on Richmond

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

San Mateo as a Richmond alternative in the same region

43 km away, better on 6 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 0.

  • Median gross pay, city: €6,551 San Mateo vs €3,409 Richmond+92%
  • Unemployment: 4.6% San Mateo vs 8.3% Richmond−45%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 2,127 San Mateo vs 3,685 Richmond−42%
  • Nearest airport: 8.0 km San Mateo vs 26.0 km Richmond−69%
  • Annual PM2.5: 5.2 µg/m³ San Mateo vs 6.7 µg/m³ Richmond−21%
  • Residents: 103,337 San Mateo vs 114,861 Richmond−10%
  • Foreign residents: 36.2% San Mateo vs 34.5% Richmond+5%

Temecula as a Richmond alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 682 km, better on 5 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1.

  • Median gross pay, city: €4,620 Temecula vs €3,409 Richmond+36%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 1,831 Temecula vs 3,685 Richmond−50%
  • Unemployment: 5.7% Temecula vs 8.3% Richmond−31%
  • Foreign residents: 15.9% Temecula vs 34.5% Richmond−54%
  • Nearest airport: 9.0 km Temecula vs 26.0 km Richmond−65%
  • Annual PM2.5: 5.3 µg/m³ Temecula vs 6.7 µg/m³ Richmond−20%
  • Residents: 114,865 Temecula vs 114,861 Richmond+0%

Cities near Richmond

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

El Sobrante 6.5 km away
Rent
2,047 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
4,455 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Kensington 6.6 km away
Rent
3,235 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
9,396 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Tara Hills 7.0 km away
Rent
2,264 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
4,963 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Berkeley 10.1 km away
Salary
3,895 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2024-12-31

Alternative cities in United States

Other cities in United States to compare with Richmond, nearest in population first.

All United States cities

How does Richmond compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Richmond's.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

What is the typical salary around Richmond?

The median gross salary is 5,487 EUR/month. Source: www.bls.gov.

What is the unemployment rate in Richmond?

The unemployment rate is 8.35 %. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is the air quality good in Richmond?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 6.65 µg/m³. The WHO 2021 guideline is 5 µg/m³ and the EU limit value is 25 µg/m³, so this reading is above the WHO guideline but within the EU limit. Source: EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024.

How safe is Richmond?

Police recorded 3,685 offences per 100,000. This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting.

How many people live in Richmond?

The published population is 114,861 people. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program.

How many foreign residents live in Richmond?

39,822 residents hold a foreign nationality. Source: ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records.

Is Richmond a good place to live?

Richmond may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Which cities are near Richmond?

San Pablo, El Cerrito, El Sobrante, Kensington, Albany are near Richmond. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Richmond (California), United States: population, rent, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 1c833926dab4d357cc4a9e0427ab3f1c]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/richmond-ca/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_richmond-california-united-states-population-rent-jobs_85888608fa9f,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Richmond (California), United States: population, rent, jobs},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {1c833926dab4d357cc4a9e0427ab3f1c},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/richmond-ca/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Richmond (California), United States: population, rent, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/richmond-ca/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 1c833926dab4d357cc4a9e0427ab3f1c; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. 2024 American Community Survey 5-year detailed tables api.census.gov · checked 2026-10-04
  2. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  3. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B25064 (Median Gross Rent), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  4. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  5. ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  6. ACS median gross rent api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  7. ACS total population api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  8. CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  9. CDC mammography screening rate data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  10. Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
Show 28 more sources
  1. CMS Hospital General Information data.cms.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  2. EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  3. EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024 aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-26
  4. FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  5. FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip) cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-05
  6. FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-08-04
  7. HRSA mental health provider ratio data.hrsa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. NCES CCD public school count nces.ed.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  9. NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  10. NOAA U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020 ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-26
  11. NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 2026 NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 · download.cms.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  12. OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
  13. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program www2.census.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  14. US-FBI-CDE-CA0071000-2024 cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  15. US-FBI-CDE-CA0071000-2024 cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  16. Verizon 300 Mbps home internet verizon.com · checked 2026-09-15
  17. Visible unlimited mobile plan visible.com · checked 2026-09-15
  18. www.bls.gov bls.gov · checked 2026-08-27
  19. Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-26
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  22. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  23. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  24. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  25. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  26. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  27. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  28. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.