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Clean air barely shows up in the rent

By · Published · Updated

Key finding: Across German housing-market districts, advertised rent tends to be higher where annual PM2.5 pollution is lower, with a rank correlation of −0.12.

Question: in places with cleaner air, do people pay more rent?

Answer: slightly, and far too weakly to plan a move around. Across 392 German housing-market districts, Spearman's correlation between the average advertised rent and the annual PM2.5 mean is −0.12. Lower PM2.5 means cleaner air, so the negative sign points towards marginally higher rents where the air is better. The coefficient is small enough that air quality explains almost nothing about what a place costs.

The more useful result is the other one: 31 districts, containing 143 cities with a published air reading, sit below the German median on both measures — cheaper than typical and cleaner than typical at the same time.

What we measured

Each row is a place that publishes both an average rent per square metre per month and an annual PM2.5 mean in micrograms per cubic metre. Lower PM2.5 means cleaner air. The packet contains 1,836 paired cities across eight countries, of which 1,798 are German.

The rent measure needs naming precisely, because it is not the number a German tenant sees on an existing lease. It is the BBSR Wiedervermietungsmieten inserierter Wohnungen — the average advertised rent for re-letting an existing flat, compiled from property portals and newspaper listings, excluding new-build. It is what someone searching today is quoted. It excludes utilities and operating charges, so it is not a total housing bill either.

That series is published at district level, and this is the fact that shapes the whole analysis. The 1,797 German city rows that carry it hold only 399 distinct values: a median of four cities share one district figure, and one district covers 27. Treating those as 1,797 independent observations would count the same rent up to 27 times — the error statisticians call pseudo-replication, and it inflates apparent precision without adding a single new observation. So the correlation is computed once per district — 392 districts with both measures — using each district's advertised rent against the median PM2.5 of its member cities.

Germany is also the only country with enough coverage to report. The remaining 38 cities come from Finland, Spain, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, France and Austria, through seven different national publication systems. They appear as context and nothing more.

The observation periods are not uniform. German rents are dated 2024; German PM2.5 readings run from 2018 to 2024, most of them 2024. The comparison is cross-sectional: it asks how published values line up today, not how either has changed.

What the data shows

At district grain the relationship is weak and negative: Spearman −0.12, Pearson −0.11, across 392 districts. The median district advertises €9/m² per month and records 8 µg/m³ of PM2.5.

Computed the other way — one row per city, ignoring that the rent repeats — the coefficient is −0.14 across 1,797 cities. The two numbers are close, which is reassuring: the finding does not depend on the mistake. But only the district figure is honest about how much independent evidence stands behind it.

The scatter is the real answer to the question. Districts advertising the same rent sit several micrograms apart on annual PM2.5, and districts with near-identical air readings differ by several euros per square metre. There is a faint average tendency and no price schedule: nothing here lets a mover convert a micro­gram of PM2.5 into an expected rent.

The practical output is the bargain quadrant — districts strictly below the German median on both measures. Thirty-one of 392 qualify, and they contain 143 cities that publish their own air reading. The cheapest and cleanest of them advertise €6/m² per month at 6–7 µg/m³: the areas around Eschwege, Sangerhausen, Holzminden and Salzwedel. The Siegen–Wittgenstein belt — Lennestadt, Bad Berleburg, Freudenberg, Hilchenbach, Siegen and Kreuztal — sits in the same quadrant at €8/m².

These are not the cheapest places in Germany, nor the cleanest. They are places where both published values are favourable at once, which is a different and more useful screen.

Figure 1Each point is a housing-market district. Dashed lines mark the German medians; the lower-left quadrant is the bargain set.
Rent against air quality by districtExact values are available by focusing or tapping each mark. The complete non-visual value list is provided below.129.87.55.33.069.8141721Mark 1; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 2; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 3; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 4; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.875Mark 5; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4Mark 6; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 7; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 8; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 9; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.027322404371585Mark 10; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.781791907514451Mark 11; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 12; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 13; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 14; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4Mark 15; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 16; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 17; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 18; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4.5Mark 19; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 20; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 21; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 22; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 23; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 24; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.473568Mark 25; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.5Mark 26; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 27; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 28; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 29; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.784153Mark 30; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 31; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 32; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 33; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 34; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.959770114942529Mark 35; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 36; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 37; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 38; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 39; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 40; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5Mark 41; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 42; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 43; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 44; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 45; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.442623Mark 46; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 47; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 48; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 49; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5Mark 50; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5Mark 51; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5Mark 52; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 53; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 54; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 55; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 56; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 57; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 58; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 59; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 60; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 61; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 62; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 63; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 64; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 65; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 66; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 67; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 68; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 69; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.908587257617729Mark 70; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.869748000000001Mark 71; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 72; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 73; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 74; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 75; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 76; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 77; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 78; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 79; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.118132Mark 80; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 81; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 82; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 83; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 84; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 85; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 86; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 87; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 88; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 89; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 90; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 91; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.258342Mark 92; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.784153Mark 93; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 94; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 95; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.375Mark 96; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 97; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 98; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 99; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 100; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 101; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 102; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 103; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 104; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 105; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 106; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.6923075Mark 107; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.827243Mark 108; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 109; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 110; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5Mark 111; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 112; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 113; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 114; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 115; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 116; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 117; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 118; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 119; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.721917999999999Mark 120; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 121; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 122; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 123; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 124; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5Mark 125; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 126; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 127; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 128; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 129; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 130; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 131; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 132; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4.5Mark 133; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 134; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 135; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.340782Mark 136; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 137; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.536082Mark 138; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 139; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 140; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 141; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11Mark 142; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 143; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 144; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 145; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 146; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 147; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 148; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 149; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 150; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 151; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 152; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 153; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 154; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 155; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 156; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 157; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 158; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 159; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.277311000000001Mark 160; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 161; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 162; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11Mark 163; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 164; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.166096Mark 165; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.034530499999999Mark 166; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 167; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 168; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 169; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 170; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.379816Mark 171; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 172; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 173; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 174; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 175; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 176; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 177; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 178; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 179; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 180; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 181; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 182; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 183; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 184; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 185; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5Mark 186; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 187; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.513736Mark 188; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 189; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 190; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.879605Mark 191; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 192; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 193; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 194; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 195; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 196; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 197; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 198; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 199; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 200; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 201; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 202; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 203; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 204; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.862348Mark 205; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.947802Mark 206; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 207; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 208; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 209; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 210; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 211; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 212; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 213; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 3Mark 214; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 215; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 216; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 217; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 218; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 219; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 220; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 221; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.837912Mark 222; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5Mark 223; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 224; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 225; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 226; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 227; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 228; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.850341Mark 229; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 230; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.887671Mark 231; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 232; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 233; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 234; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 235; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 236; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 237; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 238; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 239; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 240; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 241; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5Mark 242; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 243; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 244; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 245; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.97006Mark 246; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 247; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 248; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 249; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 250; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 251; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 252; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 253; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 254; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 255; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 256; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 12Mark 257; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 258; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.0646765Mark 259; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 260; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 261; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.209735Mark 262; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 263; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 264; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 265; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.464286Mark 266; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.6159395Mark 267; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 268; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 269; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.184851Mark 270; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 271; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 272; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 273; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 274; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 275; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.928962Mark 276; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.858974Mark 277; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 278; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 279; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 280; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 281; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.206955Mark 282; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 283; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.516788Mark 284; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 285; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.989679Mark 286; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.836066Mark 287; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.215847Mark 288; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 289; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.783476Mark 290; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.361423Mark 291; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.102778Mark 292; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 293; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 294; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.27193Mark 295; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 296; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.38773Mark 297; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 298; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11Mark 299; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 300; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 301; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.726193Mark 302; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.934426Mark 303; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 304; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 305; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 306; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.313978Mark 307; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 308; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 309; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 310; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 311; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.173554Mark 312; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.955545Mark 313; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 314; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.459016Mark 315; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.458944Mark 316; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 317; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 318; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 319; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.284294Mark 320; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 321; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.065934Mark 322; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 323; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 324; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.008197Mark 325; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 326; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 327; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11.020468Mark 328; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 329; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.795082Mark 330; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5Mark 331; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 332; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.379432Mark 333; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 334; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 335; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.699795Mark 336; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 337; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6Mark 338; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.285032Mark 339; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5.5Mark 340; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 341; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.177217Mark 342; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 343; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.250591Mark 344; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 345; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.519417Mark 346; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 347; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 348; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 349; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.589223Mark 350; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 351; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 18; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 352; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.243837Mark 353; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.934066Mark 354; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.5Mark 355; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.698895Mark 356; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.691257Mark 357; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7Mark 358; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.164835Mark 359; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.742228Mark 360; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.938187Mark 361; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.403315Mark 362; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.157362Mark 363; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 17; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11.314Mark 364; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.860052Mark 365; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.525273Mark 366; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.070118Mark 367; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.279371Mark 368; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.160108Mark 369; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 370; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 371; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.720222Mark 372; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 373; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.195562Mark 374; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.120879Mark 375; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.610656Mark 376; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.370279Mark 377; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.561603Mark 378; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 21; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.871Mark 379; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 380; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.168975Mark 381; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.095628Mark 382; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 383; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 384; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.575592Mark 385; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 386; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9Mark 387; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.945355Mark 388; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8Mark 389; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10Mark 390; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.232243Mark 391; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.188525Mark 392; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.277405Mark 393; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.370219Mark 394; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.353425Mark 395; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.081Mark 396; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.576096Mark 397; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.674863Rent (€/m²/month)PM2.5 (µg/m³)

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Figure conclusion: Each point is a housing-market district. Dashed lines mark the German medians; the lower-left quadrant is the bargain set.

Advertised rent (€/m² per month) median reference: 9; Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³) median reference: 8.

  1. Mark 1; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  2. Mark 2; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  3. Mark 3; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  4. Mark 4; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.875
  5. Mark 5; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4
  6. Mark 6; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  7. Mark 7; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  8. Mark 8; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  9. Mark 9; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.027322404371585
  10. Mark 10; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.781791907514451
  11. Mark 11; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  12. Mark 12; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  13. Mark 13; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  14. Mark 14; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4
  15. Mark 15; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  16. Mark 16; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  17. Mark 17; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  18. Mark 18; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4.5
  19. Mark 19; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  20. Mark 20; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  21. Mark 21; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  22. Mark 22; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  23. Mark 23; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  24. Mark 24; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.473568
  25. Mark 25; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.5
  26. Mark 26; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  27. Mark 27; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  28. Mark 28; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  29. Mark 29; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.784153
  30. Mark 30; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  31. Mark 31; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  32. Mark 32; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  33. Mark 33; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  34. Mark 34; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.959770114942529
  35. Mark 35; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  36. Mark 36; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  37. Mark 37; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  38. Mark 38; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  39. Mark 39; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  40. Mark 40; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5
  41. Mark 41; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  42. Mark 42; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  43. Mark 43; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  44. Mark 44; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  45. Mark 45; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.442623
  46. Mark 46; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  47. Mark 47; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  48. Mark 48; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  49. Mark 49; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5
  50. Mark 50; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5
  51. Mark 51; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5
  52. Mark 52; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  53. Mark 53; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  54. Mark 54; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  55. Mark 55; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  56. Mark 56; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  57. Mark 57; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  58. Mark 58; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  59. Mark 59; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  60. Mark 60; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  61. Mark 61; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  62. Mark 62; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  63. Mark 63; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  64. Mark 64; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  65. Mark 65; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  66. Mark 66; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  67. Mark 67; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  68. Mark 68; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  69. Mark 69; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.908587257617729
  70. Mark 70; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.869748000000001
  71. Mark 71; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  72. Mark 72; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  73. Mark 73; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  74. Mark 74; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  75. Mark 75; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  76. Mark 76; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  77. Mark 77; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  78. Mark 78; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  79. Mark 79; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.118132
  80. Mark 80; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  81. Mark 81; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  82. Mark 82; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  83. Mark 83; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  84. Mark 84; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  85. Mark 85; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  86. Mark 86; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  87. Mark 87; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  88. Mark 88; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  89. Mark 89; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  90. Mark 90; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  91. Mark 91; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.258342
  92. Mark 92; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.784153
  93. Mark 93; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  94. Mark 94; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  95. Mark 95; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.375
  96. Mark 96; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  97. Mark 97; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  98. Mark 98; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  99. Mark 99; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  100. Mark 100; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  101. Mark 101; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  102. Mark 102; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  103. Mark 103; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  104. Mark 104; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  105. Mark 105; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  106. Mark 106; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.6923075
  107. Mark 107; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.827243
  108. Mark 108; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  109. Mark 109; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  110. Mark 110; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5
  111. Mark 111; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  112. Mark 112; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  113. Mark 113; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  114. Mark 114; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  115. Mark 115; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  116. Mark 116; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  117. Mark 117; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  118. Mark 118; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  119. Mark 119; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.721917999999999
  120. Mark 120; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  121. Mark 121; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  122. Mark 122; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  123. Mark 123; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  124. Mark 124; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5
  125. Mark 125; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  126. Mark 126; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  127. Mark 127; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  128. Mark 128; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  129. Mark 129; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  130. Mark 130; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  131. Mark 131; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  132. Mark 132; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 4.5
  133. Mark 133; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  134. Mark 134; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  135. Mark 135; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.340782
  136. Mark 136; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  137. Mark 137; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.536082
  138. Mark 138; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  139. Mark 139; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  140. Mark 140; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  141. Mark 141; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11
  142. Mark 142; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  143. Mark 143; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  144. Mark 144; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  145. Mark 145; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  146. Mark 146; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  147. Mark 147; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  148. Mark 148; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  149. Mark 149; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  150. Mark 150; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  151. Mark 151; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  152. Mark 152; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  153. Mark 153; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  154. Mark 154; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  155. Mark 155; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  156. Mark 156; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  157. Mark 157; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  158. Mark 158; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  159. Mark 159; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.277311000000001
  160. Mark 160; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  161. Mark 161; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  162. Mark 162; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11
  163. Mark 163; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  164. Mark 164; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.166096
  165. Mark 165; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.034530499999999
  166. Mark 166; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  167. Mark 167; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  168. Mark 168; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  169. Mark 169; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  170. Mark 170; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.379816
  171. Mark 171; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  172. Mark 172; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  173. Mark 173; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  174. Mark 174; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  175. Mark 175; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  176. Mark 176; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  177. Mark 177; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  178. Mark 178; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  179. Mark 179; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  180. Mark 180; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  181. Mark 181; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  182. Mark 182; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  183. Mark 183; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  184. Mark 184; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  185. Mark 185; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5
  186. Mark 186; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  187. Mark 187; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.513736
  188. Mark 188; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  189. Mark 189; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  190. Mark 190; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.879605
  191. Mark 191; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  192. Mark 192; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  193. Mark 193; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  194. Mark 194; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  195. Mark 195; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  196. Mark 196; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  197. Mark 197; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  198. Mark 198; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  199. Mark 199; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  200. Mark 200; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  201. Mark 201; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  202. Mark 202; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  203. Mark 203; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  204. Mark 204; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.862348
  205. Mark 205; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.947802
  206. Mark 206; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  207. Mark 207; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  208. Mark 208; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  209. Mark 209; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  210. Mark 210; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  211. Mark 211; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  212. Mark 212; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  213. Mark 213; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 3
  214. Mark 214; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  215. Mark 215; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  216. Mark 216; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  217. Mark 217; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  218. Mark 218; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  219. Mark 219; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  220. Mark 220; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  221. Mark 221; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.837912
  222. Mark 222; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.5
  223. Mark 223; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  224. Mark 224; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  225. Mark 225; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  226. Mark 226; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  227. Mark 227; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  228. Mark 228; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.850341
  229. Mark 229; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  230. Mark 230; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.887671
  231. Mark 231; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  232. Mark 232; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  233. Mark 233; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  234. Mark 234; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  235. Mark 235; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  236. Mark 236; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  237. Mark 237; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  238. Mark 238; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  239. Mark 239; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  240. Mark 240; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  241. Mark 241; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.5
  242. Mark 242; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  243. Mark 243; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  244. Mark 244; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  245. Mark 245; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.97006
  246. Mark 246; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  247. Mark 247; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  248. Mark 248; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  249. Mark 249; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  250. Mark 250; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  251. Mark 251; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  252. Mark 252; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  253. Mark 253; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  254. Mark 254; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  255. Mark 255; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  256. Mark 256; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 12
  257. Mark 257; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  258. Mark 258; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.0646765
  259. Mark 259; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  260. Mark 260; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  261. Mark 261; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.209735
  262. Mark 262; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  263. Mark 263; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  264. Mark 264; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  265. Mark 265; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.464286
  266. Mark 266; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.6159395
  267. Mark 267; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  268. Mark 268; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  269. Mark 269; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.184851
  270. Mark 270; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  271. Mark 271; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  272. Mark 272; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  273. Mark 273; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  274. Mark 274; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  275. Mark 275; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.928962
  276. Mark 276; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.858974
  277. Mark 277; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  278. Mark 278; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  279. Mark 279; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  280. Mark 280; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  281. Mark 281; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.206955
  282. Mark 282; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  283. Mark 283; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.516788
  284. Mark 284; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  285. Mark 285; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.989679
  286. Mark 286; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.836066
  287. Mark 287; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.215847
  288. Mark 288; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  289. Mark 289; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.783476
  290. Mark 290; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.361423
  291. Mark 291; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.102778
  292. Mark 292; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  293. Mark 293; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  294. Mark 294; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.27193
  295. Mark 295; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  296. Mark 296; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.38773
  297. Mark 297; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  298. Mark 298; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11
  299. Mark 299; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  300. Mark 300; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  301. Mark 301; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.726193
  302. Mark 302; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.934426
  303. Mark 303; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  304. Mark 304; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  305. Mark 305; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  306. Mark 306; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.313978
  307. Mark 307; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  308. Mark 308; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  309. Mark 309; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  310. Mark 310; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  311. Mark 311; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.173554
  312. Mark 312; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.955545
  313. Mark 313; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  314. Mark 314; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.459016
  315. Mark 315; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.458944
  316. Mark 316; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  317. Mark 317; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  318. Mark 318; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  319. Mark 319; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.284294
  320. Mark 320; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  321. Mark 321; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.065934
  322. Mark 322; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  323. Mark 323; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  324. Mark 324; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.008197
  325. Mark 325; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  326. Mark 326; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  327. Mark 327; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11.020468
  328. Mark 328; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  329. Mark 329; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.795082
  330. Mark 330; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.5
  331. Mark 331; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  332. Mark 332; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.379432
  333. Mark 333; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  334. Mark 334; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 6; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  335. Mark 335; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.699795
  336. Mark 336; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  337. Mark 337; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6
  338. Mark 338; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.285032
  339. Mark 339; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 5.5
  340. Mark 340; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  341. Mark 341; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.177217
  342. Mark 342; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  343. Mark 343; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.250591
  344. Mark 344; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  345. Mark 345; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.519417
  346. Mark 346; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  347. Mark 347; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  348. Mark 348; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  349. Mark 349; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.589223
  350. Mark 350; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  351. Mark 351; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 18; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  352. Mark 352; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.243837
  353. Mark 353; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.934066
  354. Mark 354; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.5
  355. Mark 355; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.698895
  356. Mark 356; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.691257
  357. Mark 357; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7
  358. Mark 358; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.164835
  359. Mark 359; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.742228
  360. Mark 360; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.938187
  361. Mark 361; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.403315
  362. Mark 362; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.157362
  363. Mark 363; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 17; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 11.314
  364. Mark 364; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.860052
  365. Mark 365; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 16; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.525273
  366. Mark 366; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.070118
  367. Mark 367; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.279371
  368. Mark 368; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.160108
  369. Mark 369; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  370. Mark 370; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  371. Mark 371; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.720222
  372. Mark 372; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 10; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  373. Mark 373; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.195562
  374. Mark 374; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10.120879
  375. Mark 375; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.610656
  376. Mark 376; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.370279
  377. Mark 377; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.561603
  378. Mark 378; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 21; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.871
  379. Mark 379; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  380. Mark 380; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.168975
  381. Mark 381; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.095628
  382. Mark 382; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  383. Mark 383; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  384. Mark 384; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 15; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.575592
  385. Mark 385; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  386. Mark 386; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 9; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9
  387. Mark 387; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.945355
  388. Mark 388; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 8; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8
  389. Mark 389; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 7; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 10
  390. Mark 390; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.232243
  391. Mark 391; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 12; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 7.188525
  392. Mark 392; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.277405
  393. Mark 393; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.370219
  394. Mark 394; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 13; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.353425
  395. Mark 395; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 9.081
  396. Mark 396; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 14; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 8.576096
  397. Mark 397; Group: All observations; Rent (€/m²/month): 11; PM2.5 (µg/m³): 6.674863
Table 1Districts below the German median on both measures, cheapest first. Each row is a market area; its member cities are listed.
Districts below the German median on both measures, cheapest first. Each row is a market area; its member cities are listed.
RentPM2.5CitiesIncludes
€6/m²6.0 µg/m³8Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Hessisch Lichtenau, Eschwege
€6/m²6.0 µg/m³4Holzminden, Bodenwerder, Stadtoldendorf
€6/m²7.0 µg/m³8Clingen, Ebeleben, Sondershausen
€6/m²7.0 µg/m³5Kalbe (Milde), Salzwedel, Klötze
€6/m²7.9 µg/m³27Marienberg, Lauter-Bernsbach, Elterlein
€6/m²7.9 µg/m³1Salzgitter
€7/m²6.0 µg/m³1Pirmasens
€7/m²6.0 µg/m³13Korbach, Lichtenfels, Rosenthal
Advertised re-letting rent (this article)Official Mietspiegel reference rent (city page)
Berlin€17/m² (2024)€7.71/m² (2025)
Munich€21/m² (2024)€15.38/m² (2025)
Hamburg€14/m² (2024)€9.94/m² (2025)
Figure 2Rent against air quality, and against density, at district grain. Density is the relationship that actually carries.
District-level correlationsExact values are available by focusing or tapping each mark. The complete non-visual value list is provided below.-0.10.00.20.30.5Rent vs PM2.5Rent vs PM2.5; Group: Rent vs PM2.5; Value: -0.12 coefficient; 397 districts-0.12Rent vs densityRent vs density; Group: Rent vs density; Value: 0.47 coefficient; 393 districts0.47PM2.5 vs densityPM2.5 vs density; Group: PM2.5 vs density; Value: 0.1 coefficient; 393 districts0.10

Hover, focus, or tap a mark to inspect its exact values.

Use Arrow keys to move between marks. Home/End jump to the first/last mark. Page Up/Page Down move by 10 marks. Tab exits the chart. On small screens, swipe horizontally across the chart. Exact values are listed below.

View exact figure values

Figure conclusion: Rent against air quality, and against density, at district grain. Density is the relationship that actually carries.

District-level correlations exact values
MarkGroupValueUnitSample/noteExact detail
Rent vs PM2.5Rent vs PM2.5-0.12coefficient397 districtsRent vs PM2.5; Group: Rent vs PM2.5; Value: -0.12 coefficient; 397 districts
Rent vs densityRent vs density0.47coefficient393 districtsRent vs density; Group: Rent vs density; Value: 0.47 coefficient; 393 districts
PM2.5 vs densityPM2.5 vs density0.1coefficient393 districtsPM2.5 vs density; Group: PM2.5 vs density; Value: 0.1 coefficient; 393 districts
Table 2The most expensive districts. Their air readings differ by several micrograms in both directions.
The most expensive districts. Their air readings differ by several micrograms in both directions.
RentPM2.5CitiesIncludes
€21/m²7.9 µg/m³1Munich
€18/m²7.0 µg/m³2Unterschleißheim, Garching b.München
€17/m²11.3 µg/m³1Berlin
€16/m²8.0 µg/m³2Miesbach, Tegernsee
€16/m²6.0 µg/m³1Starnberg
€16/m²9.0 µg/m³4Fuerstenfeldbruck, Germering, Puchheim

Why a city page may show a different rent

Anyone who follows a link from this article to a city page will meet a second number, and the difference is not an error:

The Mietspiegel describes rents across the standing stock, including tenancies signed years ago under Germany's strong sitting-tenant protections. The advertised series describes what is on the market this month. In Berlin the gap between the two is more than a factor of two — which is itself the single most important housing fact in this dataset, and a reminder that "average rent in Berlin" is not one number.

Only 31 of the 1,836 paired cities have an official reference rent at all, which is why this analysis uses the advertised series: it is the only measure with the coverage to support a comparison.

Where it breaks down

Outside Germany the evidence runs out. Finland contributes 11 cities, Spain 10, Greece and Hungary five each, Croatia four, France two and Austria one. None comes close to a reportable sample, and each arrives through a different national system — official municipal reference tables in Spain, an approved rent observatory in France, a statistical office series in Finland, commercial market reports in Greece, Hungary and Croatia. Their rows can illustrate a single place; they cannot support a claim about a country.

Density also blocks any reading of this coefficient as the price of clean air. Across 388 districts with density data, advertised rent correlates with density at 0.48, while PM2.5 correlates with density at 0.11. Denser places are markedly more expensive and, weakly, more polluted — two associations that pull in the opposite direction to the headline result. Something other than air quality is doing the work, and this packet does not identify it.

The high-rent districts make the point concrete. Munich advertises €21/m² at 7.9 µg/m³; Berlin advertises €17/m² at 11.3 µg/m³. Both are expensive, and their air readings differ by more than three micrograms in the wrong direction for a clean-air premium. Whatever Berlin's rent is buying, it is not cleaner air than Munich's.

What this means if you are moving

Use the bargain quadrant as a filter and ignore the coefficient. Start from districts below the median on both rent and PM2.5, then check the things this article does not test: whether the jobs are there, how long the commute is, what the schools and clinics are like, and whether a specific flat exists at the advertised average.

Treat the advertised rent as the number you will be quoted, not the number you will end up paying across a tenancy, and check the city's Mietspiegel where one exists. Treat the annual PM2.5 mean as a background level, not a description of a particular street or a winter week.

For expensive places, ask what the premium buys. When high rent comes with high PM2.5, air quality plainly is not the explanation. When it comes with low PM2.5, the two values still do not show that one caused the other.

Limits

This is a correlation between two published averages, and it cannot establish causation in either direction.

The grain is a housing-market district, not a street or a building. Every city inside a district shares one advertised rent, and the PM2.5 figure used for the district is the median of its member cities' readings. Neighbourhood variation disappears at this resolution, in both variables — and a correlation measured over districts need not hold over the streets inside them. Nothing here describes what any individual household pays or breathes.

The rent measure is advertised re-letting rent, excluding utilities, operating charges and new-build. It is not total housing expenditure and not the rent of an existing tenancy. The published values are rounded to whole euros, so many districts tie — the ordering within a tie carries no information.

The years do not always match: rents are dated 2024, air readings run from 2018 to 2024. Germany dominates the evidence, and the seven other countries are too thin to report.

Method

The analysis starts from the paired packet of 1,836 cities and keeps every row that publishes both measures. Because the German rent series is compiled to district level, German rows are collapsed to their 392 distinct districts before any coefficient is computed: each district contributes its published advertised rent and the median PM2.5 of its member cities, and each district is weighted equally. Population is not used as a weight.

Spearman's rank correlation is the primary coefficient, since it is robust to the skewed rent distribution and to the tied whole-euro values. Pearson's coefficient is reported as a secondary check, and every coefficient carries its sample size. A country is reported separately only with at least 25 paired places, which leaves Germany alone.

The bargain quadrant uses strict inequalities against the German district medians of €9/m² and 8 µg/m³. Thirty-one districts qualify, containing 143 cities that publish an air reading. Density correlations use the 388 districts that also publish density, and are descriptive only.

FAQ

Does cleaner air cost more in rent?

Only slightly. Across 392 German housing-market districts, Spearman's correlation between the average advertised rent and annual PM2.5 is −0.12. Because lower PM2.5 means cleaner air, the direction points to a small premium, but the relationship is far too weak to predict what any individual place will cost.

Which German places combine cheaper rent with cleaner air?

Thirty-one of 392 districts sit below the German median on both measures, and those districts contain 143 cities with a published air reading. They include the areas around Eschwege, Sangerhausen, Holzminden, Salzwedel and Sondershausen, where advertised rents are €6/m² per month against a national district median of €9.

Why does this article show a different rent for Berlin than the Berlin city page?

They measure different things. This article uses BBSR advertised re-letting rents, which give Berlin €17/m² per month for 2024. The Berlin city page shows the official Mietspiegel reference rent of €7.71/m² per month, which covers existing tenancies rather than new listings. Advertised rents are what a mover is quoted; the Mietspiegel describes the standing stock.

Is this a European comparison?

No. Germany contributes 1,798 of the 1,836 paired cities, and it is the only country with enough coverage to report a coefficient. The 38 cities from seven other countries provide context and come from different national systems, so no cross-country rent comparison is made.

Why is the analysis reported for districts rather than cities?

Because that is the grain the rent data is published at. The BBSR advertised-rent series is compiled to district level, so the 1,797 German city rows carry only 399 distinct values — a median of four cities share each one. Correlating at city level counts the same rent up to 27 times and overstates the sample.

Sources

  1. BBSR — Laufende Raumbeobachtung, Wohnungsmarktbeobachtung (IDN ImmoDaten GmbH). INKAR indicator "Wiedervermietungsmieten inserierter Wohnungen (Angebotsmieten)", district level, 2024 Source grade: C; last checked: 2026-07-16.
  2. Umweltbundesamt (UBA). Air Data — 2024 PM2.5 station measurements Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-27.
  3. European Environment Agency. EEA air quality statistics — DE PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (256 station records) Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-31.
  4. Mietspiegel Berlin. Berliner Mietspiegel — reference rent Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-26.
  5. Landeshauptstadt München. Münchner Mietspiegel Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-26.
  6. Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg. Hamburger Mietenspiegel Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-26.
  7. Ministerio de Vivienda y Agenda Urbana. SERPAVI — official municipal rent reference Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-29.
  8. Statistics Finland. Rents of dwellings, table 15fa Source grade: C; last checked: 2026-07-26.
  9. Observatoire des Loyers de l'Agglomération Parisienne (OLAP). OLAP Rapport Paris 2025 Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-26.
  10. Observatoire local des loyers de Besançon / ADIL 25. OLL Besançon report 2023 Source grade: B; last checked: 2026-07-26.
Show 5 more sources
  1. STATISTIK AUSTRIA. Wohnen 2025 Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-07-29.
  2. RE/MAX Greece. Residential rental prices per m², 2025 Source grade: C; last checked: 2026-07-29.
  3. Ministry of Physical Planning, Construction and State Assets / EIZ. Review of the Croatian real-estate market 2025 Source grade: C; last checked: 2026-07-29.
  4. Ingatlannet. City rent statistics per m² — Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Pécs, Szeged Source grade: C; last checked: 2026-07-29.
  5. European Environment Agency. EEA City Trend / Air Quality Annual Statistics — ES, GR, HU, FI, HR, FR, AT PM2.5 Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.

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