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Living in Manises

In Manises, the statutory reference rent is €5.60 per m² a month (2022) and unemployment is 6.1% (2026).

The unemployment rate was 6.11% in June 2026. Manises, a city in Spain, had a population of 32,609 at the start of 2025. For Manises, monthly mean temperatures were 10.6°C in January and 25.9°C in July. Gigabit broadband availability was 95.2% in 2025.

Last checked 2026-09-1933 sources

Population32,609people1 Jan 2025Official source · Manises - official stats
Median gross salary (region)1,888EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)
Average net rent5.6EUR/m²/monthcountry median €5.10 — 10% aboveOfficial source · cdn.mivau.gob.es
Unemployment rate6.11%country median 4.4% — 39% aboveIndependent source · SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026
Recorded crime3,991incidents per 100,000country median 4,281 — 7% belowOfficial source · MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.
PM2.5, annual mean12µg/m³31 Dec 2024Nearest stationOfficial source · EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET)

Higher unemployment than 78% of Spanish cities that publish it, less recorded crime than 66% of Spanish cities that publish it and dirtier air than 90% of Spanish cities that publish it.

Which Spain-wide rules apply when you move to Manises?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Housing and cost

How much does it cost to rent in Manises?

Average net cold rent is 5.6 EUR/m² per month (2022), excluding heating and operating charges.

Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.

  • Average net rent (nettokalt): 5.6 EUR/m²/month · cdn.mivau.gob.es2
What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month
Manises recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€20
Mobile plan, 10 GB€12
Net rent across major citiesManises highlighted among comparable cities
Net rent across major cities with Manises highlighted

net rent, € / m² / month

Madrid€14.00
Barcelona€13.70
Bilbao€11.50
Palma€9.80
Murcia€5.80
Manises€5.60
Show the other 6 cities
Málaga€9.60
Seville€9.20
Valencia€8.20
Zaragoza€7.70
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria€7.30
Alicante€7.10
MetricValuePeriodSource
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited20 EUR/month30 Sept 2026DIGI 300 Mbps fibre4Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB12 EUR/month30 Sept 2026DIGI 100GB mobile plan3Official · national market
Dwellings14,241 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official
Main residence dwellings12,006 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official
Secondary, seasonal or vacant dwellings2,229 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official
Average net rent (nettokalt)5.6 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €5.1031 Dec 2022cdn.mivau.gob.es2Official

Is Manises a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker61%strong on work, weak on air quality · range 52–70%
Skilled employee64%strong on work, weak on education · range 56–72%
Student63%strong on cost, weak on education · range 54–72%
Family57%strong on family, weak on education · range 49–65%
Retirement60%strong on legal route, weak on admin · range 50–70%

Worked out from these numbers

What does a 60 m² flat cost?

About 336 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 5.6 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.

Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.

Source period: 2022

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Manises?

The unemployment rate is about 6.1 % (June 2026).

  • Unemployment rate: 6.11 % · SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 202632
Unemployment across cities in SpainUnemployment in Manises is 6.1%. Of 1,361 cities with data, 844 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Gigabit broadband availability95.24 %30 Jun 2025SETELECO Cobertura Banda Ancha España 2021-202522Official
People in employment12,255 people31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official
Median gross salary (regional)1,888 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)10Official · regional context
Unemployment rate6.11 %country median 4.4%30 Jun 2026SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 202632Independent

What does a salary buy in Manises?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

regional median gross pay: €1,888 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 2024-12-31).
Left over each month€1,159of €1,527 take-home
  • Rent
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions.€1,527
Rent, 60 m²€5.60/m² · official · cdn.mivau.gob.es · 2022-12-31− €336
Internet€20 · official · DIGI 300 Mbps fibre · 2026-09-30− €20
Mobile plan€12 · official · DIGI 100GB mobile plan · 2026-09-30− €12
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish€1,159
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Manises Salary needed to live in Manises

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Manises. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal — Public employment service

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (SEPE)

Job SearchUnemployment ClaimTraining

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Manises. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Healthcare

MetricValuePeriodSource
Hospital beds per 100,000 residents1,160 beds per 100,00031 Dec 2025Ministerio de Sanidad – Catálogo Nacional de Hospitales 202516Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Manises under the national coverage rules.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Hospital beds per 100,000 residents1,160 beds per 100,000Verified 2026-08-03
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

How safe is Manises?

Police recorded about 3,991 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.17

Recorded crime across major citiesManises highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Manises highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Pamplona7,766
Alicante7,419
Murcia5,289
Córdoba5,095
Melilla5,090
Vitoria-Gasteiz4,916
Cartagena4,578
Castellón de la Plana4,251
Elche4,043
Lorca3,706
Logroño3,690
Burgos3,628
MetricValuePeriodSource
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents3,991 incidents per 100,000country median 4,28131 Dec 2024MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.17Official

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Destinations from nearest airport57 count13 Jun 2026OpenFlights — routes.dat19Official
Nearest airportVLC13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv20Official
Distance to nearest airport1.9 km13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv20Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Manises. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas — public language education network — State Language Course

Ministry of Education, Vocational Training and Sports / autonomous education authorities

For adult language learners, residents.

In Person, Online, HybridCost varies
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Manises.

Find courses near Manises

Climate and air quality

Monthly precipitation was 34.6 mm in January and 6.7 mm in July.

Is the air quality good in Manises?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 12 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET)7

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Sunshine through the yearAverage monthly sunshine, hours
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in SpainAnnual PM2.5 in Manises is 12.0 µg/m³. Of 269 cities with data, 57 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 9 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
NO₂ — annual mean15 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES NO2 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET)5Official · nearest-station reading
PM10 — annual mean25 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES PM10 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET)6Official · nearest-station reading
PM2.5 — annual mean12 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET)7Official · nearest-station reading
Average daytime high by monthJan 16.2 · Feb 17.1 · Mar 19.4 · Apr 21.4 · May 24.6 · Jun 28.4 · Jul 30.8 · Aug 31.2 · Sep 28.1 · Oct 24.5 · Nov 19.5 · Dec 16.8 °C31 Dec 2020AEMET climate normal — mean monthly maximum air temperature, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-20201Official
Average night-time low by monthJan 5 · Feb 5.8 · Mar 7.8 · Apr 10.3 · May 13.7 · Jun 17.9 · Jul 20.8 · Aug 21.3 · Sep 18 · Oct 14 · Nov 9.1 · Dec 6 °C31 Dec 2020AEMET climate normal — mean monthly minimum air temperature, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-20201Official
Average temperature by monthJan 10.6 · Feb 11.5 · Mar 13.6 · Apr 15.9 · May 19.2 · Jun 23.2 · Jul 25.9 · Aug 26.3 · Sep 23.1 · Oct 19.3 · Nov 14.3 · Dec 11.4 °C31 Dec 2020AEMET climate normal — mean monthly air temperature, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-20201Official
Average precipitation by monthJan 34.6 · Feb 26.8 · Mar 36.9 · Apr 36.2 · May 36.5 · Jun 20.8 · Jul 6.7 · Aug 11.6 · Sep 61.3 · Oct 56.6 · Nov 45.1 · Dec 47.1 mm31 Dec 2020AEMET climate normal — mean monthly total precipitation, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-20201Official
Average sunshine by monthJan 5.9 · Feb 6.5 · Mar 7.3 · Apr 8.3 · May 9.1 · Jun 10.4 · Jul 10.9 · Aug 9.7 · Sep 8 · Oct 7 · Nov 5.9 · Dec 5.4 hours31 Dec 2020AEMET climate normal — mean monthly sunshine duration, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-20201Official

Population and city profile

How many people live in Manises?

The published population was 32,609 people in January 2025. Source: Manises - official stats15

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
City area19.38 km²20 Oct 2025www.ign.es23Official
Foreign-resident share14.55 %31 Dec 2025Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE España)9Official
Foreign residents4,211 people1 Jan 2024Official INE municipal population by country of nationality; foreign total derived as Total nationality minus España.18Official
Female residents15,943 people31 Dec 2023Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)11Official
Male residents15,630 people31 Dec 2023Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)11Official
Population32,609 people1 Jan 2025Manises - official stats15Official

International community in Manises

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Country of birth

Population resident in Spain; both sexes; official INE Census 2021 municipal table · 2021 Census

Published groupPeopleShare
TOTAL31,270100.0%
Spain27,57988.2%
South America1,2484.0%
Asia7462.4%
European Union (without Spain)6542.1%
Africa5971.9%
Central America and Caribbean2360.8%
Rent of Europe1830.6%
North America260.1%
Oceania10.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source12

Citizenship

Population resident in Spain; both sexes; official INE Census 2021 municipal table · 2021 Census

Published groupPeopleShare
TOTAL31,270100.0%
Spanish28,14390.0%
Asia8772.8%
European Union (without Spain)7142.3%
South America6312.0%
Africa5611.8%
Rent of Europe1670.5%
Central America and Caribbean1600.5%
North America170.1%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source13

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Households12,009 households31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official
Labour force15,306 people31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain14Official

Alternatives for people set on Manises

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Xirivella as a Manises alternative in the same region

4 km away, better on 3 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 3.

  • Nearest airport: 5.3 km Xirivella vs 1.9 km Manises+179%
  • Foreign residents: 21.4% Xirivella vs 14.6% Manises+47%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 4,798 Xirivella vs 3,991 Manises+20%
  • Rent: €5.10/m² Xirivella vs €5.60/m² Manises−9%
  • Unemployment: 5.7% Xirivella vs 6.1% Manises−6%
  • Annual PM2.5: 13.0 µg/m³ Xirivella vs 12.0 µg/m³ Manises+8%
  • Residents: 32,093 Xirivella vs 32,609 Manises−2%

Segovia as a Manises alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 350 km, better on 3 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 3.

  • Nearest airport: 68.4 km Segovia vs 1.9 km Manises+3500%
  • Unemployment: 3.1% Segovia vs 6.1% Manises−49%
  • Annual PM2.5: 7.0 µg/m³ Segovia vs 12.0 µg/m³ Manises−42%
  • Residents: 52,375 Segovia vs 32,609 Manises+61%
  • Rent: €6.10/m² Segovia vs €5.60/m² Manises+9%
  • Hospital beds, per 100k: 806.8 Segovia vs 1,160.4 Manises−30%
  • Foreign residents: 15.6% Segovia vs 14.6% Manises+7%

Cities near Manises

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Valencia Commuting Zone · 7.5 km away
Rent
8.2 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2024-12-31
Quart de Poblet 1.7 km away
Rent
5.4 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Paterna 2.0 km away
Rent
5.8 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Aldaia 3.0 km away
Rent
5.1 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Alaquàs 3.8 km away
Rent
5.3 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Xirivella 4.0 km away
Rent
5.1 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Mislata 4.1 km away
Rent
5.7 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Burjassot 4.5 km away
Rent
5 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31

Alternative cities in Spain

Other cities in Spain to compare with Manises, nearest in population first.

All Spain cities

How does Manises compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Manises's.

School for children who move here. School is compulsory from age 6 to 16. Newly arrived pupils get support in the school language: Regional reception programmes (aulas de enlace Madrid / aules d acollida Catalonia etc). How to enrol a child (educacionfpydeportes.gob.es).

A country-wide rule for Spain; Manises's school authority applies it locally.

Sources: eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu · 2025–2026.

Is Manises part of Valencia?

Manises is in the published commuting zone of Valencia; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub. Valencia city profile

Relationship type: Commuting Zone Of. Source8

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Manises?

The published population was 32,609 people in January 2025. Source: Manises - official stats.

How much does it cost to rent in Manises?

Average net cold rent is 5.6 EUR/m² per month (2022), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 392 EUR a month before utilities. Source: cdn.mivau.gob.es.

Is the air quality good in Manises?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 12 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET).

How safe is Manises?

Police recorded about 3,991 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator..

What is the unemployment rate in Manises?

The unemployment rate is about 6.1 % (June 2026). Source: SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026.

What is the typical salary around Manises?

The median gross salary is 1,888 EUR/month. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).

Is Manises a good place to live?

Manises may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Is Manises part of Valencia?

Manises is in the published commuting zone of Valencia; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub.

Which cities are near Manises?

Valencia, Quart de Poblet, Paterna, Aldaia, Alaquàs are near Manises. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

How many people born in Spain live in Manises?

The official country of birth distribution records 27,579 people (88.2%) in the source-defined population for 2021 Census. This is a country of birth measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Manises, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 665573d3608daa999462f11cd1f90e85]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/manises/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_manises-spain-population-rent-salary-cost-of-living_44e861d2c711,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Manises, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {665573d3608daa999462f11cd1f90e85},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/manises/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Manises, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/manises/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 665573d3608daa999462f11cd1f90e85; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. AEMET climate normal — mean monthly maximum air temperature, VALENCIA/AEROPUERTO, 1991-2020 AEMET climate normal · aemet.es · checked 2026-07-27
  2. cdn.mivau.gob.es cdn.mivau.gob.es · checked 2026-08-26
  3. DIGI 100GB mobile plan digimobil.es · checked 2026-09-15
  4. DIGI 300 Mbps fibre digimobil.es · checked 2026-09-15
  5. EEA air quality statistics — ES NO2 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  6. EEA air quality statistics — ES PM10 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  7. EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station QUART DE POBLET) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  8. GISCO Urban Audit 2021 — Functional Urban Areas (URAU_RG_100K_2021_4326_FUA) GISCO Urban Audit 2021 · gisco-services.ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-19
  9. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE España) ine.es · checked 2026-08-03
  10. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-06
Show 23 more sources
  1. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) ine.es · checked 2026-08-07
  2. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-30
  3. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-30
  4. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain ine.es · checked 2026-08-07
  5. Manises - official stats ine.es · checked 2026-07-14
  6. Ministerio de Sanidad – Catálogo Nacional de Hospitales 2025 sanidad.gob.es · checked 2026-08-03
  7. MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator. estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es · checked 2026-07-16
  8. Official INE municipal population by country of nationality; foreign total derived as Total nationality minus España. ine.es · checked 2024-01-01
  9. OpenFlights — routes.dat OpenFlights · raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-07-14
  10. OurAirports — airports.csv OurAirports · davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-07-14
  11. SERPAVI 2026 — Tabla 2, Madrid SERPAVI 2026 · publicaciones.transportes.gob.es · checked 2026-07-26
  12. SETELECO Cobertura Banda Ancha España 2021-2025 digital.gob.es · checked 2025-06-30
  13. www.ign.es ign.es · checked 2026-08-30
  14. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  15. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  16. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  17. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  18. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  19. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  22. SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026 SEPE · sepe.es · checked 2026-07-26
  23. Wikidata identity and coordinates — Q8818 Wikidata identity and coordinates · wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-05

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.