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Moving to Spain

Spain country facts, largest cities, hub labels and reports.

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Across 199 passports, 94 passports enter visa-free and 105 passports need a visa for Spain. Check your passport below.

Visa-free
94
Visa required
105

199 accepted passport rules · rules effective as of 2026-07-15

Visa and entry rules

Short stay and entry199 source-backed passport answersHighly SkilledSpain offers temporary residence and work authorization for highly qualified professionals, with EU Blue Card and national modalities, based on higher-education qualification or qu.Remote Or Digital NomadIncome: 2646 EUR / month; Basis: per applicantSelf EmployedSpain offers initial temporary residence and self-employment authorization to a non-resident foreign person for a lucrative own-account activity, subject to qualification/experienc.Entrepreneur StartupAdults developing an innovative entrepreneurial activity of special economic interest to Spain may qualify when ENISA gives a favourable assessment of the applicant profile, busine.StudyNon-EU/EEA/Swiss students over 17 admitted to a recognised full-time higher-education programme in Spain can use the long-stay study authorisation.FamilyA foreign resident in Spain may sponsor qualifying family members for temporary residence through family reunification.Permanent ResidenceApplicants generally need five years of legal and continuous residence in Spain immediately before seeking the status.CitizenshipSpanish nationality by residence requires the legally required period of legal, continuous residence immediately before application, plus good civic conduct and integration.WorkSpain's Ministry of Inclusion defines an initial temporary residence and paid-employment authorization requested by an employer for a foreign worker for more than 90 days and less.

Sources checked through 28 Aug 2026.

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Spain?

The national unemployment rate was 11.4 % in 2024. Source: Eurostat — Unemployment by sex and age — annual data (une_rt_a)14

This is the Eurostat labour-force survey series used as the canonical national answer. Other published definitions exist and are shown in the table below.

What is the median gross salary in Spain?

The median gross salary was about 2,041 EUR/month in 2024.

Half of employees earn less than this. Mean gross and national-accounts averages use different definitions and are shown in the table below. national-accounts average — shown in the table below.

  • Median gross salary, monthly: 2,041 EUR/month · INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial — 2024 median gross annual earnings22
  • Average gross salary, monthly: 2,240 EUR/month · 2026-07-25 · Eurostat — National accounts aggregates (nama_10_a10) and employment (nama_10_a10_e)13

What is the minimum wage in Spain?

The statutory minimum wage is 9.26 EUR/hour, gross (as of 2025). Source: OECD25

National statutory floor, gross, before tax and social contributions.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median gross salary, monthly2,041 EUR/month31 Dec 2024INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial — 2024 median gross annual earnings22Official · national figure
National unemployment rate11.4 %31 Dec 2024Eurostat — Unemployment by sex and age — annual data (une_rt_a)14Official · national figure
Minimum gross hourly wage9.26 EUR/hour31 Dec 2025OECD25Official · national figure
Unemployment across cities in SpainOf 1,361 cities with data, 844 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Typical city (median): about 4.4%

unemployment rate, % · measured cities in Spain per band844 cities: 0% to under 5%8440–5437 cities: 5% to under 10%4375–1044 cities: 10% to under 15%4410–1523 cities: 15% to under 20%2315–209 cities: 20% to under 25%920–254 cities: 25% to under 30%425–30

Unemployment rate (%)

Net rent across cities in SpainOf 1,329 cities with data, 479 have net rent of 4 to under 6 €/m²/month.

Typical city (median): about €5.10

net rent, € / m² / month · measured cities in Spain per band3 cities: 0 €/m²/month to under 2 €/m²/month30–2342 cities: 2 €/m²/month to under 4 €/m²/month3422–4479 cities: 4 €/m²/month to under 6 €/m²/month4794–6299 cities: 6 €/m²/month to under 8 €/m²/month2996–8148 cities: 8 €/m²/month to under 10 €/m²/month1488–1045 cities: 10 €/m²/month to under 12 €/m²/month4510–1211 cities: 12 €/m²/month to under 14 €/m²/month1112–142 cities: 14 €/m²/month to under 16 €/m²/month214–16

Net rent (€/m²/month)

Annual PM2.5 across cities in SpainOf 269 cities with data, 98 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 10 µg/m³.

Typical city (median): about 8.7 µg/m³

annual PM2.5, µg/m³ · measured cities in Spain per band1 city: 2 µg/m³ to under 4 µg/m³12–418 cities: 4 µg/m³ to under 6 µg/m³184–661 cities: 6 µg/m³ to under 8 µg/m³616–898 cities: 8 µg/m³ to under 10 µg/m³988–1065 cities: 10 µg/m³ to under 12 µg/m³6510–1218 cities: 12 µg/m³ to under 14 µg/m³1812–146 cities: 14 µg/m³ to under 16 µg/m³614–161 city: 16 µg/m³ to under 18 µg/m³116–181 city: 18 µg/m³ to under 20 µg/m³118–20

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

Recorded crime across cities in SpainOf 48 cities with data, 15 report 4000 to under 5000 incidents per 100,000 residents.

Typical city (median): about 4,281 incidents per 100,000 residents

recorded incidents per 100k residents · measured cities in Spain per band5 cities: 2000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 3000 incidents per 100,000 residents52000–30002k–3k13 cities: 3000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 4000 incidents per 100,000 residents133000–40003k–4k15 cities: 4000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 5000 incidents per 100,000 residents154000–50004k–5k9 cities: 5000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 6000 incidents per 100,000 residents95000–60005k–6k3 cities: 6000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 7000 incidents per 100,000 residents36000–70006k–7k2 cities: 7000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 8000 incidents per 100,000 residents27000–80007k–8k1 city: 10000 incidents per 100,000 residents to under 11000 incidents per 100,000 residents110000–1100010k–11k

Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents

Public employment service in Spain

Official job-search, registration, counselling and training routes. Private recruitment agencies are not included.

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal — Public employment service

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (SEPE)

Job SearchUnemployment ClaimTraining
Search jobs

A national service does not prove that an office exists in every city. City pages show an office only after an exact address is linked to that city. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Taxes in Spain

National rates and comparable published scenarios. Personal tax depends on income, household and residence circumstances.

What does an average earner take home in Spain?

A single person on an average wage keeps about 24,985 EUR/year of about 32,678 EUR/year gross per year — 76.5% of pay.

Standardized OECD Taxing Wages (standardized scenario): single person, no children, earning the average wage. The same scenario is published for every covered country, so take-home shares compare directly.

Gross-to-net decomposition, 2025
ComponentAmount / year
Net wage earnings, kept24,985
Income taxes−5,576
Employee social contributions−2,118
Gross wage earnings32,678
  • Gross-to-net pay for a sample household: single person no children — 32,678 gross → 24,985 net a year (2025, national currency) · Taxing Wages 2026 — labour taxation decomposition
Top income-tax rate48.58 %
Corporate tax rate25 %
Employee income tax, yearly9,300 EUR/year
Employee social contributions, yearly7,609 EUR/year
Verified from the linked official or intergovernmental records. Open the primary source. Sources checked through 3 Aug 2026.

Benefits newcomers may qualify for in Spain

Public schemes where an official source defines an eligible migration or residence status. Amounts and conditions are kept in their native terms.

ProgrammePublished amountSource and application

Ayuda al alquiler para la emancipación de las personas jóvenes — Plan Estatal de Vivienda 2026-2030 — Housing support

200–300 EUR / Monthly

Competent autonomous-community or municipal housing authority

Check official eligibility
Eligibility and amount details

Current Plan Estatal de Vivienda 2026-2030 Article 137 formula: maximum EUR 300 per month for a habitual and permanent home rental or use transfer and maximum EUR 200 per month for a room rental or use transfer, in both cases capped at 60% of the monthly rent or price.

The current Spanish Plan Estatal de Vivienda 2026-2030 has a general beneficiary rule stating: ‘En el caso de los extranjeros no comunitarios deberán tener residencia legal en España.’ Its Article 133 youth-rental section applies to adults under 35 who rent or are ready to rent a home or room as their habitual and permanent residence, subject to the source-defined income, rent and other conditions. and does not generalize the benefit to every foreign resident or to people without the Article 133 youth-rental conditions.

Benefit for Birth and Care of a minor — Family and child support

Percentage-based / Daily

National Social Security Institute (INSS)

Open official application
Eligibility and amount details

The contributory subsidy is 100% of the applicable regulatory base; the daily base is derived from the stated Social Security contribution base under the official formula.

The official Seguridad Social page defines the beneficiaries as ‘Employees or self-employed workers’ who meet the necessary requirements: ‘Are registered with the Social Security and affiliated’, ‘Proof of the required contribution periods’ and ‘Being up to date on their contribution payments’. This is the bounded profile of an insured worker in Spanish Social Security with the qualifying registration and contribution record; the benefit's birth, adoption, guardianship or foster-care conditions also apply.

Ingreso Mínimo Vital (IMV) — Minimum-income support

733.6 EUR / Monthly

National Social Security Institute (INSS)

Open official application
Eligibility and amount details

2026 guaranteed monthly income: EUR 733.60 for one individual beneficiary; EUR 953.68 for one adult and one minor or two adults; EUR 1,173.76 for one adult and two minors, two adults and one minor, or three adults. Actual IMV is the difference between guaranteed income and household income, subject to the official minimum-result rule.

The official Seguridad Social IMV page requires beneficiaries or members of a household to have legal and effective residence in Spain continuously and uninterruptedly during at least the year before the application. Its ‘Acreditación de los requisitos’ section specifies that an EU/EEA/Swiss national proves legal residence through registration in the Central Foreigners Registry; a family member of a Union citizen proves it with a family-member residence card; and a non-EU/EEA/Swiss foreign national proves it with a Spanish residence authorization. bounded profiles, each with the source-defined one-year legal/effective residence condition; age, household, income, asset and continuous-residence conditions also apply.

International Protection and Temporary Protection Reception System — reception conditions — Arrival and reception support

In-kind support

Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration / reception authority

Open official application
Eligibility and amount details

The current Spanish Ministry pages describe an in-kind and service reception package covering basic needs through a national network of resources and centres, including accommodation and subsistence, hygiene/clothing/footwear and first-aid material, basic healthcare, social/legal/psychological support, language and literacy support and transfers; the related humanitarian programme also describes basic economic aid. The retained official sources do not publish one national fixed EUR rate for this package; no fixed amount is asserted.

The official Spanish Ministry page states: ‘Las personas solicitantes de protección internacional y temporal, siempre que carezcan de recursos económicos suficientes, tienen derecho a las condiciones de acogida necesarias con la finalidad de asegurar la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas en condiciones de dignidad.’ the source-defined reception-system, resource and individual-itinerary conditions remain applicable and no broader foreign-resident entitlement is inferred.

Prestación contributiva por desempleo — Unemployment support

Amount varies / Monthly

State Public Employment Service (SEPE)

Open official application
Eligibility and amount details

Official SEPE 2026 amount table; exact benefit amount varies with the statutory calculation and claimant circumstances. No single representative amount recorded.

SEPE states: ‘Si eres una persona trabajadora extranjera y resides o estás de forma legal en España, tendrás derecho a beneficiarte de las prestaciones por desempleo en las mismas condiciones que las personas trabajadoras de nacionalidad española.’ This is the bounded profile of a foreign worker legally residing in Spain. The contributive benefit additionally requires at least 360 days of unemployment contributions in the previous six years and a legal unemployment situation; the public status label does not replace those conditions.

ImmigrationDB shows published rules; it does not decide personal eligibility. Confirm your status, contribution record and household circumstances with the responsible authority before applying. Sources checked through 12 Aug 2026.

Can migrants receive medical care in Spain?

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Spain under the published coverage rules.

Verified 2026-08-03. Open the official coverage rules.

Language courses and integration in Spain

Government programmes, public integration services and exact provider records. The section expands only from fields present in the source; missing prices, refunds or contacts are not replaced with estimates.

3verified programmes
1cities with exact local records
1verified location records
1listed providers

Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas — public language education network — State Language Course

Ministry of Education, Vocational Training and Sports / autonomous education authorities

For adult language learners, residents.

In Person, Online, Hybridvaries
Open official information

Cursos de català — CNL de Barcelona — Municipal language course

Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística — CNL de Barcelona

For new Catalan speakers, residents, language learners.

CatalanCEFR pre-A1–C2In Person, Online, Hybridvaries
Open official information

Municipal Spanish courses for adult immigrants — Madrid — Municipal language course

Ayuntamiento de Madrid

For adult immigrants who are not Spanish-speaking.

SpanishIn Personfree
Open official information

Private and nonprofit providers

These records come from the provider's own website. They are useful leads, but are not counted as government-verified or complete.

Provider-supplied record · supplemental Madrid Municipal Integration Office — North

Calle Juan Pantoja 2, 1ª Planta, Madrid

Open provider website

Provider-supplied record · supplemental Madrid Municipal Integration Office — South

Calle Vía Carpetana 99, Madrid

Open provider website
Country programmes describe the national or named local framework. Availability in a city is shown only when a source names that place exactly. Sources checked through 2026-08-10. 5 supplemental records are kept outside these verified totals.

Living and moving context for Spain

Life expectancy was 83.9 years in 2024, with 4.294 doctors per 1,000 people in 2022. Annual PM2.5 was 13.8 µg/m³ in 2025. The 2024 groceries price level index was 92.5 on an EU27=100 basis. Monthly estimates put groceries at €296 and utilities at €70; household electricity was €0.260/kWh and gas was €0.088/kWh. Average gross salary was €2,240 per month in 2024, while national median net income was €1,459 per month. A separate 2025 median monthly net salary was €2,050. The national crime rate was 5,056 offences per 100,000 people in 2024. For 2024, the employee calculation gave €9,300 a year in income tax and €7,609 in social contributions. Household net-income estimates were €2,068 per month for one person, €2,498 for a couple and €2,885 for a family.

#1 by populationMadrid3,506,730 residents · Capital hub#2 by populationBarcelona1,731,649 residents · Migration hub#3 by populationValencia840,792 residents · Remote-work hub

Spain cities by population

The largest published cities appear first. Population is taken from the reusable official city layer; hub labels come from the existing city taxonomy.

Open city finder
CityPopulationNet rent, €/m²/monthMedian gross salary, €/month
MadridCapital hub3,506,730Population14.00Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
BarcelonaMigration hub1,731,649Population13.70Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
ValenciaRemote-work hub840,792Population8.20Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Zaragoza693,091Population7.70Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Sevilla689,423Population9.20Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Málaga599,063Population9.60Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Murcia479,405Population5.80Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Palma434,786Population9.80Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las381,868Population7.30Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Alacant/Alicante366,221Population7.10Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Bilbao351,124Population11.50Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Córdoba323,262Population6.60Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Valladolid302,614Population6.20Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Vigo294,489Population7.00Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Hospitalet de Llobregat, L'289,510Population12.00Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Gijón269,894Population6.60Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Vitoria-Gasteiz260,699Population9.50Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Coruña, A251,543Population6.00Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Elx/Elche245,557Population4.70Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
Granada233,975Population6.10Net rent, €/m²/mo—Median gross salary, €/mo
All published cities in Spain

Reports with this country

Accepted report pages with a row for this country.

All reports
Cities meeting the WHO PM2.5 annual guideline Cities with the strongest published PM2.5 and NO2 combination Cities with the highest foreign-population share Cities with the largest foreign populations Cities with the lowest annual NO2 Cities with the lowest annual PM2.5
Foreign residents6,911,971 people31 Dec 2025Official source · Eurostat
Population48,848,840 people31 Dec 2024Official source · World Bank
Median net salary, monthly2,050 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Official source · Eurostat
Median gross salary, monthly2,041 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial — 2024 median gross annual earnings
National unemployment rate11.4 %31 Dec 2024Official source · Eurostat — Unemployment by sex and age — annual data (une_rt_a)
Public healthcare access for foreign residentsYes3 Aug 2026Official source · Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), Real Decreto 1192/2012
79 country facts · 1,396 cities · Last checked 2026-09-06

Spain facts

Current source-backed observations, grouped the way the city pages are, with geographic scope and observation periods.

Population and profile

How many people live in Spain?

The published population was 48,848,840 people in 2024. Source: World Bank42

National, resident population scope. Foreign-resident and migration-background figures are separate metrics in the table below.

How many foreign residents live in Spain?

The foreign-resident population was 6,911,971 people in 2025. Source: Eurostat5

Residents without Spain citizenship. The migration-background population is a broader measure and appears in the table below.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Foreign residents6,911,971 people31 Dec 2025Eurostat5Official · national figure
Population48,848,840 people31 Dec 2024World Bank42Official · national figure

Legal, tax and other context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median net salary, monthly2,050 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Eurostat6Official · national figure
Public healthcare access for foreign residentsYes3 Aug 2026Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), Real Decreto 1192/20121Official · national figure
PM2.5 — annual mean13.8 µg/m³31 Dec 2025OpenAQ51Independent · national figure
Area505,976 km²31 Dec 2023World Bank43Official · national figure
Cost level against the capital92.5 index (EU27=100)31 Dec 2024Eurostat — Comparative price levels and HICP (prc_ppp_ind, prc_hicp_midx)10Official · national
Gross-to-net pay for a sample householdsingle person no children — 32,678 gross → 24,985 net a year (2025, national currency)31 Dec 2025Taxing Wages 2026 — labour taxation decomposition39Official · country household scenario
Population by year48,085,361 people (2023)1 Jan 2023Population on 1 January by age and sex (DEMO_PJAN)38Official · country annual series
Salary by professionClerical support workers — 1,799 EUR/month (2022)31 Dec 2022Mean monthly earnings by sex, occupation and size class of the enterprise (2022)23Official · country occupation
Doctors per 1,000 residents4.29 per 1,00031 Dec 2022World Bank indicator SH.MED.PHYS.ZS46Official · national figure
Household electricity price0.26 EUR/kWh31 Dec 2024Eurostat — Household energy prices (nrg_pc_204 electricity, nrg_pc_202 gas)12Official · national
Employer social contribution rate30.57 %31 Dec 2025OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration28Official · national figure
People employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing769,900 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in mining and quarrying20,600 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in manufacturing2,201,500 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning54,000 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in water supply, sewerage and waste management230,100 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in construction1,590,600 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in wholesale and retail trade; motor vehicle and motorcycle repair3,543,500 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in transportation and storage1,045,700 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in accommodation and food services1,744,900 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in information and communication728,900 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in finance and insurance366,400 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in real estate241,600 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure
People employed in professional, scientific and technical services1,280,200 people2024ec.europa.eu2Official · national figure

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

What is the unemployment rate in Spain?

The national unemployment rate was 11.4 % in 2024. Source: Eurostat — Unemployment by sex and age — annual data (une_rt_a).

How many people live in Spain?

The published population was 48,848,840 people in 2024. Source: World Bank.

What is the median gross salary in Spain?

The median gross salary was about 2,041 EUR/month in 2024. Source: INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial — 2024 median gross annual earnings.

What is the minimum wage in Spain?

The statutory minimum wage is 9.26 EUR/hour, gross (as of 2025). Source: OECD.

Is the air quality good in Spain?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 13.8 µg/m³. The WHO 2021 guideline is 5 µg/m³ and the EU limit value is 25 µg/m³, so this reading is above the WHO guideline but within the EU limit. Source: OpenAQ.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 12). Moving to Spain: salary, cost of living [ImmigrationDB compilation; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/countries/spain/ Retrieved 2026-09-12. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_moving-to-spain-salary-cost-of-living_2d0d64dd11db,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Moving to Spain: salary, cost of living},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-09-12},
  version = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  snapshot = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/countries/spain/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-09-12. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Moving to Spain: salary, cost of living](https://immigrationdb.com/countries/spain/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; retrieved 2026-09-12; built 2026-09-12.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

Every number above comes from one of these records. Open the original source for its geographic scope and publication date.

  1. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE), Real Decreto 1192/2012 boe.es · checked 2026-08-03
  2. ec.europa.eu ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-12
  3. EF EPI ef.com · checked 2026-08-03
  4. European Medicines Agency ema.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-03
  5. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-20
  6. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-14
  7. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-07
  8. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-05
  9. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-05
  10. Eurostat — Comparative price levels and HICP (prc_ppp_ind, prc_hicp_midx) Eurostat · ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-14
Show 41 more sources
  1. Eurostat — Distribution of income by household composition (ilc_di04) Eurostat · ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-26
  2. Eurostat — Household energy prices (nrg_pc_204 electricity, nrg_pc_202 gas) Eurostat · ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-14
  3. Eurostat — National accounts aggregates (nama_10_a10) and employment (nama_10_a10_e) Eurostat · ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-26
  4. Eurostat — Unemployment by sex and age — annual data (une_rt_a) Eurostat · ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-26
  5. Eurostat crim_off_cat (ICCS0101, NR) ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-05
  6. Eurostat demo_pjan ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-05
  7. Eurostat earn_mw_cur ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-06
  8. Eurostat hbs_exp_t121 ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-06
  9. Eurostat ilc_di03 ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-06
  10. Globalization and World Cities (GaWC), Loughborough University gawc.lboro.ac.uk · checked 2026-08-03
  11. Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) data.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-13
  12. INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial — 2024 median gross annual earnings INE Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial · servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-07-29
  13. Mean monthly earnings by sex, occupation and size class of the enterprise (2022) ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-30
  14. MIPEX mirovni-institut.si · checked 2026-08-03
  15. OECD sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-07
  16. OECD oecd.org · checked 2026-08-03
  17. OECD sdmx-pp.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-03
  18. OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-03
  19. OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-03
  20. OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-03
  21. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-07
  22. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-07
  23. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-07
  24. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-07
  25. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-08-05
  26. Official national police total-offence statistics estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es · checked 2026-07-26
  27. Physicians (per 1,000 people) data.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-13
  28. Population on 1 January by age and sex (DEMO_PJAN) ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-29
  29. Taxing Wages 2026 — labour taxation decomposition Taxing Wages 2026 · sdmx.oecd.org · checked 2026-07-29
  30. WHO GHO RS_196/RS_198 ghoapi.azureedge.net · checked 2026-09-05
  31. WHO GHO RS_196/RS_198 ghoapi.azureedge.net · checked 2026-09-05
  32. World Bank api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-02
  33. World Bank api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-02
  34. World Bank api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-02
  35. World Bank Data data.worldbank.org · checked 2026-07-14
  36. World Bank indicator SH.MED.PHYS.ZS api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-07-14
  37. World Bank Open Data api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-07
  38. World Bank Open Data api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-08-07
  39. World Bank SP.POP.TOTL api.worldbank.org · checked 2026-09-05
  40. OECD — Taxing Wages (DF_TAXINGWAGES) tax wedge and net income OECD · oecd.org · checked 2026-07-14
  41. OpenAQ openaq.org · checked 2026-07-14