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Living in Mijas

In Mijas, the statutory reference rent is €7.60 per m² a month (2022) and unemployment is 5.1% (2026).

The unemployment rate was 5.06% in June 2026. For Mijas, the foreign population was 29,464 at the start of 2024. At the start of 2025, Mijas had a population of 95,104.

Last checked 2026-09-1932 sources

Population95,104people1 Jan 2025Official source · Mijas - official stats
Median gross salary (region)1,796EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)
Average net rent7.6EUR/m²/monthcountry median €5.10 — 49% aboveOfficial source · cdn.mivau.gob.es
Unemployment rate5.06%country median 4.4% — 15% aboveIndependent source · SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026
Recorded crime6,224incidents per 100,000country median 4,281 — 45% aboveOfficial source · MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.
PM2.5, annual mean8µg/m³31 Dec 2024Nearest stationOfficial source · EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA)

Pricier rent than 81% of Spanish cities that publish it, higher unemployment than 63% of Spanish cities that publish it and more recorded crime than 89% of Spanish cities that publish it.

Which Spain-wide rules apply when you move to Mijas?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Housing and cost

How much does it cost to rent in Mijas?

Average net cold rent is 7.6 EUR/m² per month (2022), excluding heating and operating charges.

Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.

  • Average net rent (nettokalt): 7.6 EUR/m²/month · cdn.mivau.gob.es1
What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month
Mijas recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€20
Mobile plan, 10 GB€12
Net rent across major citiesMijas highlighted among comparable cities
Net rent across major cities with Mijas highlighted

net rent, € / m² / month

Madrid€14.00
Barcelona€13.70
Bilbao€11.50
Mijas€7.60
Alicante€7.10
Murcia€5.80
Show the other 6 cities
Palma€9.80
Málaga€9.60
Seville€9.20
Valencia€8.20
Zaragoza€7.70
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria€7.30
MetricValuePeriodSource
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited20 EUR/month30 Sept 2026DIGI 300 Mbps fibre3Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB12 EUR/month30 Sept 2026DIGI 100GB mobile plan2Official · national market
Dwellings62,031 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official
Main residence dwellings33,624 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official
Secondary, seasonal or vacant dwellings28,407 dwellings31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official
Average net rent (nettokalt)7.6 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €5.1031 Dec 2022cdn.mivau.gob.es1Official
Official reference rent (median)615 EUR/month31 Dec 2024SERPAVI — VDP001_01 — rental price and surface indicators by municipality19Official

Is Mijas a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker57%strong on work, weak on safety · range 48–66%
Skilled employee61%strong on work, weak on education · range 52–70%
Student37%strong on cost, weak on education · range 27–47%
Family46%strong on family, weak on education · range 37–55%
Retirement50%strong on air quality, weak on admin · range 39–61%

Worked out from these numbers

What does a 60 m² flat cost?

About 456 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 7.6 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.

Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.

Source period: 2022

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Mijas?

The unemployment rate is about 5.1 % (June 2026).

  • Unemployment rate: 5.06 % · SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 202632
Unemployment across cities in SpainUnemployment in Mijas is 5.1%. Of 1,361 cities with data, 844 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Gigabit broadband availability96.97 %30 Jun 2025SETELECO Cobertura Banda Ancha España 2021-202520Official
People in employment29,625 people31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official
Median gross salary (regional)1,796 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)8Official · regional context
Unemployment rate5.06 %country median 4.4%30 Jun 2026SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 202632Independent

What does a salary buy in Mijas?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

regional median gross pay: €1,796 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 2024-12-31).
Left over each month€975of €1,463 take-home
  • Rent
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions.€1,463
Rent, 60 m²€7.60/m² · official · cdn.mivau.gob.es · 2022-12-31− €456
Internet€20 · official · DIGI 300 Mbps fibre · 2026-09-30− €20
Mobile plan€12 · official · DIGI 100GB mobile plan · 2026-09-30− €12
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish€975
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Mijas Salary needed to live in Mijas

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Mijas. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal — Public employment service

Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (SEPE)

Job SearchUnemployment ClaimTraining

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Mijas. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Safety

How safe is Mijas?

Police recorded about 6,224 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.14

Recorded crime across major citiesMijas highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Mijas highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Pamplona7,766
Alicante7,419
Murcia5,289
Córdoba5,095
Melilla5,090
Vitoria-Gasteiz4,916
Cartagena4,578
Castellón de la Plana4,251
Elche4,043
Lorca3,706
Logroño3,690
Burgos3,628
MetricValuePeriodSource
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents6,224 incidents per 100,000country median 4,28131 Dec 2024MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator.14Official

Mobility and administration

The nearest airport was AGP, 15.2 km away, with 115 listed destinations in June 2026. Gigabit broadband availability was 97% in June 2025.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Destinations from nearest airport115 count13 Jun 2026OpenFlights — routes.dat17Official
Nearest airportAGP13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv18Official
Distance to nearest airport15.2 km13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv18Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Mijas. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas — public language education network — State Language Course

Ministry of Education, Vocational Training and Sports / autonomous education authorities

For adult language learners, residents.

In Person, Online, HybridCost varies
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Mijas.

Find courses near Mijas

Climate and air quality

Is the air quality good in Mijas?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA)6

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Sunshine through the yearAverage monthly sunshine, hours
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in SpainAnnual PM2.5 in Mijas is 8.0 µg/m³. Of 269 cities with data, 57 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 9 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
NO₂ — annual mean11 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES NO2 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA)4Official · nearest-station reading
PM10 — annual mean20 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES PM10 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA)5Official · nearest-station reading
PM2.5 — annual mean8 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA)6Official · nearest-station reading
Average daytime high by monthJan 17.4 · Feb 18.1 · Mar 19.9 · Apr 21.9 · May 24.8 · Jun 28.5 · Jul 30.9 · Aug 31.4 · Sep 28.4 · Oct 24.4 · Nov 20.4 · Dec 18 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO21Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by monthJan 8.1 · Feb 8.6 · Mar 10.3 · Apr 12 · May 14.9 · Jun 18.6 · Jul 21.1 · Aug 21.8 · Sep 19.2 · Oct 15.5 · Nov 11.5 · Dec 9.2 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO21Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by monthJan 12.7 · Feb 13.4 · Mar 15.1 · Apr 16.9 · May 19.9 · Jun 23.5 · Jul 26 · Aug 26.6 · Sep 23.8 · Oct 19.9 · Nov 15.9 · Dec 13.6 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO21Official · nearest-station reading
Average precipitation by monthJan 62.3 · Feb 58.9 · Mar 66.1 · Apr 41.4 · May 23.1 · Jun 4.4 · Jul 0.1 · Aug 2.7 · Sep 25.2 · Oct 60.8 · Nov 79.3 · Dec 87.9 mm1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO21Official · nearest-station reading
Average sunshine by monthJan 170.7 · Feb 179.2 · Mar 211.8 · Apr 237.5 · May 288.7 · Jun 327.1 · Jul 342.5 · Aug 310.2 · Sep 247.9 · Oct 209.2 · Nov 165.5 · Dec 151.9 hours1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO21Official · nearest-station reading

Similar climate. In Spain: Dos Hermanas ±1.6 °C. Elsewhere: Downey (United States) ±1.5 °C, Round Rock (United States) ±2.6 °C, Houston (United States) ±2.8 °C, Pasadena (United States) ±2.8 °C, Carrollton (United States) ±3.0 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month

Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.

Population and city profile

How many people live in Mijas?

The published population was 95,104 people in January 2025. Source: Mijas - official stats13

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
City area148.7 km²20 Oct 2025www.ign.es22Official
Foreign-resident share32.46 %31 Dec 2025Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE España)7Official
Foreign residents29,464 people1 Jan 2024Official INE municipal population by country of nationality; foreign total derived as Total nationality minus España.16Official
Female residents46,356 people31 Dec 2023Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)9Official
Male residents45,335 people31 Dec 2023Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)9Official
Population95,104 people1 Jan 2025Mijas - official stats13Official

International community in Mijas

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Country of birth

Population resident in Spain; both sexes; official INE Census 2021 municipal table · 2021 Census

Published groupPeopleShare
TOTAL86,556100.0%
Spain55,38664.0%
Rent of Europe10,70212.4%
European Union (without Spain)7,8109.0%
South America6,1077.1%
Africa4,0654.7%
Asia1,4271.6%
Central America and Caribbean5720.7%
North America4320.5%
Oceania550.1%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source10

Citizenship

Population resident in Spain; both sexes; official INE Census 2021 municipal table · 2021 Census

Published groupPeopleShare
TOTAL86,556100.0%
Spanish59,41968.6%
Rent of Europe11,05512.8%
European Union (without Spain)8,5589.9%
Africa3,0683.5%
South America2,6473.1%
Asia1,1951.4%
North America3430.4%
Central America and Caribbean2410.3%
Oceania290.0%
Statelens10.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source11

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Households33,624 households31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official
Labour force39,801 people31 Dec 2021Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain12Official

Alternatives for people set on Mijas

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Coín as a Mijas alternative in the same region

13 km away, better on 2 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 2.

  • Rent: €4.90/m² Coín vs €7.60/m² Mijas−36%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 3,797 Coín vs 6,224 Mijas−39%
  • Residents: 26,574 Coín vs 95,104 Mijas−72%
  • Unemployment: 6.0% Coín vs 5.1% Mijas+18%
  • Nearest airport: 23.1 km Coín vs 15.2 km Mijas+52%
  • Median gross pay, region: €1,796 Coín vs €1,796 Mijassame level
  • Annual PM2.5: 8.0 µg/m³ Coín vs 8.0 µg/m³ Mijassame level

El Ejido as a Mijas alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 164 km, better on 3 of 6 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1.

  • Rent: €4.70/m² El Ejido vs €7.60/m² Mijas−38%
  • Nearest airport: 40.3 km El Ejido vs 15.2 km Mijas+165%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 4,509 El Ejido vs 6,224 Mijas−28%
  • Unemployment: 4.1% El Ejido vs 5.1% Mijas−19%
  • Residents: 91,440 El Ejido vs 95,104 Mijas−4%
  • Median gross pay, region: €1,796 El Ejido vs €1,796 Mijassame level

Cities near Mijas

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Marbella Commuting Zone · 23.9 km away
Rent
8.4 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Fuengirola 6.1 km away
Rent
8.2 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Benalmádena 7.5 km away
Rent
8.7 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Torremolinos 12.7 km away
Rent
8.7 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Coín 12.8 km away
Rent
4.9 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31
Cártama 12.9 km away
Rent
6.9 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2022-12-31

Alternative cities in Spain

Other cities in Spain to compare with Mijas, nearest in population first.

All Spain cities

How does Mijas compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Mijas's.

Mijas in rankings

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Mijas under the national coverage rules.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

School for children who move here. School is compulsory from age 6 to 16. Newly arrived pupils get support in the school language: Regional reception programmes (aulas de enlace Madrid / aules d acollida Catalonia etc). How to enrol a child (educacionfpydeportes.gob.es).

A country-wide rule for Spain; Mijas's school authority applies it locally.

Sources: eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu · 2025–2026.

Is Mijas part of Marbella?

Mijas is in the published commuting zone of Marbella; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub. Marbella city profile

Relationship type: Commuting Zone Of. Source15

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Mijas?

The published population was 95,104 people in January 2025. Source: Mijas - official stats.

How much does it cost to rent in Mijas?

Average net cold rent is 7.6 EUR/m² per month (2022), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 532 EUR a month before utilities. Source: cdn.mivau.gob.es.

Is the air quality good in Mijas?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA).

How safe is Mijas?

Police recorded about 6,224 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator..

What is the unemployment rate in Mijas?

The unemployment rate is about 5.1 % (June 2026). Source: SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026.

What is the typical salary around Mijas?

The median gross salary is 1,796 EUR/month. Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE).

Is Mijas a good place to live?

Mijas may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Is Mijas part of Marbella?

Mijas is in the published commuting zone of Marbella; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub.

Which cities are near Mijas?

Marbella, Alhaurín el Grande, Fuengirola, Benalmádena, Alhaurín de la Torre are near Mijas. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

How many people born in Spain live in Mijas?

The official country of birth distribution records 55,386 people (64.0%) in the source-defined population for 2021 Census. This is a country of birth measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Mijas, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 7aa4c0cd7acc7280c0cd444b122a8250]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/mijas/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_mijas-spain-population-rent-salary-cost-of-living-jobs_f71daadce96d,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Mijas, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living, jobs},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {7aa4c0cd7acc7280c0cd444b122a8250},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/mijas/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Mijas, Spain: population, rent, salary, cost of living, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/es/mijas/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 7aa4c0cd7acc7280c0cd444b122a8250; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. cdn.mivau.gob.es cdn.mivau.gob.es · checked 2026-08-26
  2. DIGI 100GB mobile plan digimobil.es · checked 2026-09-15
  3. DIGI 300 Mbps fibre digimobil.es · checked 2026-09-15
  4. EEA air quality statistics — ES NO2 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  5. EEA air quality statistics — ES PM10 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  6. EEA air quality statistics — ES PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station CAMPANILLAS CIFA) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  7. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE España) ine.es · checked 2026-08-03
  8. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-06
  9. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) ine.es · checked 2026-08-07
  10. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-30
Show 22 more sources
  1. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE), Spain servicios.ine.es · checked 2026-08-30
  2. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), Spain ine.es · checked 2026-08-07
  3. Mijas - official stats ine.es · checked 2026-07-14
  4. MIR 2024 Q4 exact III. TOTAL INFRACCIONES PENALES, enero-diciembre 2024; INE 29005 denominator. estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es · checked 2026-07-16
  5. oecd.org place coordinates oecd.org · checked 2026-08-28
  6. Official INE municipal population by country of nationality; foreign total derived as Total nationality minus España. ine.es · checked 2024-01-01
  7. OpenFlights — routes.dat OpenFlights · raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-07-14
  8. OurAirports — airports.csv OurAirports · davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-07-14
  9. SERPAVI — VDP001_01 — rental price and surface indicators by municipality SERPAVI · cdn.mivau.gob.es · checked 2026-09-12
  10. SETELECO Cobertura Banda Ancha España 2021-2025 digital.gob.es · checked 2025-06-30
  11. WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station MÁLAGA/AEROPUERTO WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  12. www.ign.es ign.es · checked 2026-08-30
  13. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  14. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  15. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  16. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  17. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  18. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  19. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  22. SEPE — registered unemployment by municipality, June 2026 SEPE · sepe.es · checked 2026-07-26

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.