Living in Laval

In Laval, rent averages €9.86 per m² a month (2025) and unemployment is 12.7% (2022).

The unemployment rate was 12.7% at the end of 2022. Annual PM2.5 was 7.03 µg/m³ in 2024. The city covered 34.2 km² in 2026. Population density was 1,443.6 people per km² in 2023.

Last checked 2026-09-2427 sources

Population49,400people1 Jan 2023Official source · INSEE — Populations légales 2023, Laval (commune 53130)

Median gross salary (region)2,620EUR/month31 Dec 2022Official source · www.insee.fr

Average net rent9.86EUR/m²/monthcountry median €11.60 — 15% belowOfficial source · static.data.gouv.fr

Unemployment rate12.74%country median 11.0% — 16% aboveOfficial source · INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune

Recorded crime6,900incidents per 100,000country median 4,740 — 46% aboveOfficial source · Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026)

PM2.5, annual mean7.03µg/m³country median 8.5 — 17% belowOfficial source · 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.

Cheaper rent than 74% of French cities that publish it, higher unemployment than 65% of French cities that publish it and more recorded crime than 86% of French cities that publish it.

Which France-wide rules apply when you move to Laval?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in FranceNational rates and thresholds that apply in Laval.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

How much does it cost to rent in Laval?

Average net cold rent is 9.86 EUR/m² per month (2025-Q3), excluding heating and operating charges.

Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.

Average net rent (nettokalt): 9.86 EUR/m²/month · static.data.gouv.fr²¹

What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€43

Mobile plan, 10 GB€20

Net rent across major citiesLaval highlighted among comparable cities

net rent, € / m² / month

Paris€26.30

Nice€20.43

Lyon€16.57

Marseille€16.30

Toulouse€13.98

Laval€9.86

Show the other 6 cities

Bordeaux€15.99

Lille€15.76

Strasbourg€15.57

Montpellier€15.49

Rennes€14.87

Nantes€14.50

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited	42.99 EUR/month	30 Sept 2026	Orange Livebox Fibre¹⁷Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB	19.99 EUR/month	30 Sept 2026	Orange 100GB mobile plan¹⁶Official · national market
G02 Vacancy Rate Pct	2,765 %	31 Dec 2023	INSEE⁶Official
Dwellings	29,835 dwellings	31 Dec 2023	INSEE⁷Official
G05 Main Residential Dwellings	26,129 dwellings	31 Dec 2023	INSEE⁷Official
Average net rent (nettokalt)	9.86 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €11.60	31 Dec 2025	static.data.gouv.fr²¹Official

Is Laval a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile

Remote worker52%strong on work, weak on safety · range 44–60%

Skilled employee62%strong on work, weak on safety · range 54–70%

Student63%strong on education, weak on work · range 56–70%

Family55%strong on family, weak on cost · range 48–62%

Retirement51%strong on air quality, weak on admin · range 42–60%

Worked out from these numbers

What does a 60 m² flat cost?

About 592 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 9.86 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.

Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.

Source period: 2025-Q3

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Laval?

The unemployment rate is about 12.7 % (2022).

Unemployment rate: 12.74 % · INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune¹⁰

Unemployment across cities in FranceUnemployment in Laval is 12.7%. Of 2,240 cities with data, 898 have unemployment of 5 to under 10%.

898

832

377

0–55–1010–1515–2020–2525–3030–35

Laval 12.7%

Unemployment rate (%)

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Fibre-to-the-building availability	96.99 %	3 Aug 2026	Arcep (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse)²Official
Gigabit broadband availability	96.99 %	31 Mar 2026	Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage.⁵Official
Median gross salary (regional)	2,620 EUR/month	31 Dec 2022	www.insee.fr²³Official
Unemployment rate	12.74 %country median 11.0%	31 Dec 2022	INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune¹⁰Official

What does a salary buy in Laval?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

Left over each month€1,340of €1,994 take-home

Rent
Internet
Mobile
Left over

Line-by-line breakdown and sources

Each month	€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions.	€1,994
Rent, 60 m²€9.86/m² · official · static.data.gouv.fr · 2025-12-31	− €592
Internet€43 · official · Orange Livebox Fibre · 2026-09-30	− €43
Mobile plan€20 · official · Orange 100GB mobile plan · 2026-09-30	− €20
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities	—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish	€1,340

Take-home pay for other salaries and households

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Laval. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

France Travail — Public employment service

France Travail

Job SearchUnemployment Claim

Open official service

Open the France service overview

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Laval. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Family and education

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Primary School Count	36 count	3 Aug 2026	Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr)¹³Official
School Count	80 count	3 Aug 2026	Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr)¹³Official

School for children who move here. School is compulsory from age 3 to 16. Newly arrived pupils get support in the school language: UPE2A (unités pédagogiques pour élèves allophones nouvellement arrivés) + UPE2A-NSA variant. How to enrol a child (education.gouv.fr).

A country-wide rule for France; Laval's school authority applies it locally.

Sources: eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu · 2025–2026.

Healthcare

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Hospital beds per 100,000 residents	1,062 beds per 100,000	31 Dec 2011	DREES / DGOS – Statistique Annuelle des Établissements de Santé (SAE) 2011⁴Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Laval when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide

Hospital beds per 100,000 residents1,062 beds per 100,000Verified 2026-08-03

Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

How safe is Laval?

Police recorded about 6,900 incidents per 100,000 (2025). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026)³

Recorded crime across major citiesLaval highlighted among comparable cities

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Lille13,488

Lyon13,026

Bordeaux12,429

Marseille11,857

Paris10,987

Montpellier9,636

Toulouse8,875

Rennes8,241

Strasbourg7,791

Nantes7,704

Nice7,577

Laval6,900

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents	6,900 incidents per 100,000country median 4,740	31 Dec 2025	Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026)³Official

Mobility and administration

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Nearest airport	LVA	3 Aug 2026	OurAirports¹⁸Official
Distance to nearest airport	5 km	3 Aug 2026	OurAirports¹⁸Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Laval. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Contrat d’intégration républicaine (CIR) — Integration course

État français and OFII

For eligible non-EU foreign residents.

FrenchIn Person

Open official information

DIAN language-training offer finder — Other

Réseau des Carif-Oref and DIAN

For people seeking French-language training.

FrenchIn Person, Online

Open official information

Open the full France section

National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Laval.

Find courses near Laval

Climate and air quality

Annual NO₂ was 12.4 µg/m³ in 2024. Annual PM10 was 12.3 µg/m³ in 2024.

Is the air quality good in Laval?

The annual PM2.5 mean is about 7 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³.

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

PM2.5 — annual mean: 7.03 µg/m³ · 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.¹

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C

0°

8°3°

9°2°

13°4°

16°6°

19°9°

22°12°

25°14°

21°11°

17°9°

12°5°

9°3°

JFMAMJJASOND

Night-time low to daytime high

Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm

JFMAMJJASOND

Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

Within WHO 2021 guidelineAbove WHO, within EU limitAbove EU legal limitCity annual mean · µg/m³

PM2.57WHO 5 · EU 25

PM1012.3WHO 15 · EU 40

NO₂12.4WHO 10 · EU 40

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in FranceAnnual PM2.5 in Laval is 7.0 µg/m³. Of 1,975 cities with data, 626 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 9 µg/m³.

159

482

626

447

166

3–44–55–66–77–88–99–1010–1111–1212–1313–14

Laval 7.0

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

Metric	Value	Period	Source
NO₂ — annual mean	12.36 µg/m³country median 14.8	2024	2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.¹Official
NO₂ — latest reading	13.1 µg/m³	15 Jul 2026	Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata.¹²Official
PM10 — annual mean	12.29 µg/m³country median 14.2	2024	2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.¹Official
PM2.5 — annual mean	7.03 µg/m³country median 8.5	2024	2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.¹Official
Average daytime high by month	Jan 8.2 · Feb 9.3 · Mar 12.6 · Apr 15.6 · May 19 · Jun 22.4 · Jul 24.6 · Aug 24.7 · Sep 21.5 · Oct 16.6 · Nov 11.6 · Dec 8.6 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station LAVAL-ETRONNIER²²Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by month	Jan 2.7 · Feb 2.4 · Mar 4.1 · Apr 5.7 · May 9 · Jun 11.9 · Jul 13.7 · Aug 13.7 · Sep 11.1 · Oct 8.8 · Nov 5.4 · Dec 3 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station LAVAL-ETRONNIER²²Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by month	Jan 5.4 · Feb 5.9 · Mar 8.3 · Apr 10.7 · May 14 · Jun 17.2 · Jul 19.1 · Aug 19.2 · Sep 16.3 · Oct 12.7 · Nov 8.5 · Dec 5.8 °C	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station LAVAL-ETRONNIER²²Official · nearest-station reading
Average precipitation by month	Jan 74 · Feb 55 · Mar 53.9 · Apr 55 · May 63.9 · Jun 53.3 · Jul 48.1 · Aug 51.3 · Sep 60.1 · Oct 79.1 · Nov 76 · Dec 87.4 mm	1991–2020	WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station LAVAL-ETRONNIER²²Official · nearest-station reading

Annual PM2.5 over time12 published observations, 2013–2024

6.5

9.2

11.9

14.6

7.020132015201720212024

Annual PM2.5 fell 49.8% between 2013 and 2024, from 14.0 to 7.0.

Similar climate. In France: Angers ±0.7 °C. Elsewhere: Saanich (Canada) ±1.1 °C, Werl (Germany) ±1.4 °C, Portsmouth (United Kingdom) ±0.9 °C, Harrow (United Kingdom) ±0.7 °C, Watford (United Kingdom) ±0.7 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month

Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.

Population and city profile

How many people live in Laval?

The published population was 49,400 people in 2023. Source: INSEE — Populations légales 2023, Laval (commune 53130)⁸

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

By nationality

National passport91.1%

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

Metric	Value	Period	Source
City area	34.22 km²	31 Dec 2026	Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte²⁰Official
Foreign residents	4,412 people	2021	Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT1¹⁵Official
Population density	1,444 people/km²	31 Dec 2023	Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte²⁰Official
Population	49,400 people	1 Jan 2023	INSEE — Populations légales 2023, Laval (commune 53130)⁸Official

International community in Laval

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Citizenship

Population resident in France excluding Mayotte; INSEE RP2023 NAT; total age and sex · 2023 Census

Published group	People	Share
Total	49,400	100.0%
Français	44,303.866	89.7%
Etranger	5,096.134	10.3%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source¹¹

Additional context

Metric	Value	Period	Source
Universities	0 count	3 Aug 2026	Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr)¹⁴Official

Alternatives for people set on Laval

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Bonchamp-lès-Laval as a Laval alternative in the same region

5 km away, better on 2 of 6 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1. Rent cannot be compared like for like.

Unemployment: 5.8% Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs 12.7% Laval−54%
Recorded crime, per 100k: 3,399 Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs 6,900 Laval−51%
Rent: €5.60/m² (2021) Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs €9.86/m² (2025) Lavalno percentage
Residents: 6,302 Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs 49,400 Laval−87%
Nearest airport: 6.0 km Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs 5.0 km Laval+20%
Median gross pay, region: €2,620 Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs €2,620 Lavalsame level
Annual PM2.5: 7.0 µg/m³ Bonchamp-lès-Laval vs 7.0 µg/m³ Lavalsame level

Full comparison More about Bonchamp-lès-Laval

Sartrouville as a Laval alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 237 km, better on 3 of 6 metrics measured the same way, worse on 2. Rent cannot be compared like for like.

Nearest airport: 18.0 km Sartrouville vs 5.0 km Laval+260%
Recorded crime, per 100k: 4,581 Sartrouville vs 6,900 Laval−34%
Median gross pay, region: €3,317 Sartrouville vs €2,620 Laval+27%
Rent: €20.51/m² Sartrouville vs €9.86/m² Lavalno percentage
Annual PM2.5: 9.7 µg/m³ Sartrouville vs 7.0 µg/m³ Laval+38%
Unemployment: 10.5% Sartrouville vs 12.7% Laval−18%
Residents: 52,763 Sartrouville vs 49,400 Laval+7%

Full comparison More about Sartrouville

Cities near Laval

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Changé 3.4 km away

Rent: 10.75 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31

Saint-Berthevin 4.2 km away

Rent: 9.77 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31

Bonchamp-lès-Laval 5.1 km away

Rent: 5.6 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2021-01-01

Alternative cities in France

Other cities in France to compare with Laval, nearest in population first.

All France cities

Évreux49,360 residents Saint-Priest49,229 residents Les Sables-d'Olonne49,603 residents Suresnes48,956 residents Martigues48,298 residents Bondy50,595 residents

How does Laval compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Laval's.

Open the full comparison

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Laval?

The published population was 49,400 people in 2023. Source: INSEE — Populations légales 2023, Laval (commune 53130).

How much does it cost to rent in Laval?

Average net cold rent is 9.86 EUR/m² per month (2025-Q3), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 690 EUR a month before utilities. Source: static.data.gouv.fr.

Is the air quality good in Laval?

The annual PM2.5 mean is about 7 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation..

How safe is Laval?

What is the unemployment rate in Laval?

The unemployment rate is about 12.7 % (2022). Source: INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune.

What is the typical salary around Laval?

The median gross salary is 2,620 EUR/month. Source: www.insee.fr.

Is Laval a good place to live?

Laval may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Which cities are near Laval?

Changé, Saint-Berthevin, Bonchamp-lès-Laval are near Laval. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

How many people are in the Total citizenship group in Laval?

The official citizenship distribution records 49,400 people (100.0%) in the source-defined population for 2023 Census. This is a citizenship measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation

ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 29). Laval, France: population, rent, salary, cost of living [ImmigrationDB compilation; version b5ad902789635a65acea7bacfe4815c6]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/laval/ Retrieved 2026-09-29. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

BibTeX citation

@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_laval-france-population-rent-salary-cost-of-living_1a7b76de6ac2,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Laval, France: population, rent, salary, cost of living},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-09-29},
  version = {b5ad902789635a65acea7bacfe4815c6},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/laval/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-09-29. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}

Markdown citation

[Laval, France: population, rent, salary, cost of living](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/laval/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version b5ad902789635a65acea7bacfe4815c6; retrieved 2026-09-29; built 2026-09-29.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown

2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation. air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-15
Arcep (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse) data.arcep.fr · checked 2026-08-03
Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026) static.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-09-23
DREES / DGOS – Statistique Annuelle des Établissements de Santé (SAE) 2011 data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage. data.arcep.fr · checked 2026-03-31
INSEE insee.fr · checked 2026-08-07
INSEE insee.fr · checked 2026-08-07
INSEE — Populations légales 2023, Laval (commune 53130) INSEE · insee.fr · checked 2026-08-13
INSEE — Recensement de la population, populations légales millésime 2023 (data.gouv.fr mirror) INSEE · object.files.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-07-03
INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune INSEE RP2022 ACT1 · insee.fr · checked 2026-07-26

Show 17 more sources

Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE), France api.insee.fr · checked 2026-08-30
Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata. files.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-07-15
Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr) data.education.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr) data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT1 Nationalité en 2021 · insee.fr · checked 2026-07-15
Orange 100GB mobile plan boutique.orange.fr · checked 2026-09-15
Orange Livebox Fibre boutique.orange.fr · checked 2026-09-15
OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
Répertoire des logements locatifs des bailleurs sociaux (RPLS) 2021 — données communales Répertoire des logements locatifs des bailleurs sociaux (RPLS) 2021 · static.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-09-18
Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte Séries historiques en 2023 · insee.fr · checked 2026-09-24
static.data.gouv.fr static.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-27
WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station LAVAL-ETRONNIER WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
www.insee.fr insee.fr · checked 2026-08-27
Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06

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