Living in Saint-Jean-de-Braye
In Saint-Jean-de-Braye, advertised rents for new lettings average €11.51 per m² a month (2025) and unemployment is 12.4% (2022).
Saint-Jean-de-Braye had 23,147 residents at the start of 2023 and is a city in France. Population density was 1,689.6 people per km² in 2023. The city had 18 schools in 2026. There were 38.9 physicians per 100,000 residents in 2024. The unemployment rate was 12.4% at the end of 2022. Annual PM2.5 was 7.83 µg/m³ in 2024. In 2024, annual NO₂ was 11.9 µg/m³. The city covered 13.7 km² in 2026.
Higher unemployment than 62% of French cities that publish it, less recorded crime than 68% of French cities that publish it and cleaner air than 72% of French cities that publish it.
Which France-wide rules apply when you move to Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.
Housing and cost
How much does it cost to rent in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Average net cold rent is 11.51 EUR/m² per month (2025-Q3), excluding heating and operating charges.
Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.
- Average net rent (nettokalt): 11.51 EUR/m²/month · static.data.gouv.fr23
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited | 42.99 EUR/month | 30 Sept 2026 | Orange Livebox Fibre19Official · national market |
| Mobile plan, 10 GB | 19.99 EUR/month | 30 Sept 2026 | Orange 100GB mobile plan18Official · national market |
| Housing vacancy rate (legacy series) | 590 % | 31 Dec 2023 | INSEE7Official |
| Dwellings | 10,902 dwellings | 31 Dec 2023 | INSEE8Official |
| Main residence dwellings | 10,179 dwellings | 31 Dec 2023 | INSEE8Official |
| Average net rent (nettokalt) | 11.51 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €11.60 — about the same | 31 Dec 2025 | static.data.gouv.fr23Official |
Is Saint-Jean-de-Braye a good place to live?
There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.
Worked out from these numbers
What does a 60 m² flat cost?
About 691 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 11.51 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.
Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.
Work and income
What is the unemployment rate in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The unemployment rate is about 12.4 % (2022).
- Unemployment rate: 12.37 % · INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune12
Saint-Jean-de-Braye 12.4%
Unemployment rate (%)
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fibre-to-the-building availability | 97.81 % | 3 Aug 2026 | Arcep (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse)2Official |
| Gigabit broadband availability | 98.88 % | 31 Mar 2026 | Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage.6Official |
| Median gross salary (regional) | 2,597 EUR/month | 31 Dec 2022 | www.insee.fr25Official |
| Unemployment rate | 12.37 %country median 11.0% | 31 Dec 2022 | INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune12Official |
What does a salary buy in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.
RentInternetMobileLeft over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
| Each month | € |
|---|---|
| Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions. | €1,981 |
| Rent, 60 m²€11.51/m² · official · static.data.gouv.fr · 2025-12-31 | − €691 |
| Internet€43 · official · Orange Livebox Fibre · 2026-09-30 | − €43 |
| Mobile plan€20 · official · Orange 100GB mobile plan · 2026-09-30 | − €20 |
| Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities | — |
| Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish | €1,227 |
Public employment service
No exact public employment office is currently linked to Saint-Jean-de-Braye. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.
France Travail — Public employment service
Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Saint-Jean-de-Braye. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.
Family and education
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schools | 18 schools | 27 May 2026 | RNEE exact Code_commune; etat=OUVERT; code_nature 100-199 or 300-399; unique UAI count.21Official · commune |
| Primary schools | 12 count | 3 Aug 2026 | Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr)15Official |
| Schools | 20 count | 3 Aug 2026 | Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr)15Official |
School for children who move here. School is compulsory from age 3 to 16. Newly arrived pupils get support in the school language: UPE2A (unités pédagogiques pour élèves allophones nouvellement arrivés) + UPE2A-NSA variant. How to enrol a child (education.gouv.fr).
A country-wide rule for France; Saint-Jean-de-Braye's school authority applies it locally.
Sources: eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu · 2025–2026.
Healthcare
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary care doctors per 100,000 residents | 38.88 per 100,000 people | 31 Dec 2024 | INSEE BPE 2024 commune equipment and PMUN denominator evidence10Official |
| Hospital beds per 100,000 residents | 870.5 beds per 100,000 | 31 Dec 2011 | DREES / DGOS – Statistique Annuelle des Établissements de Santé (SAE) 20114Official |
Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Saint-Jean-de-Braye when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.
Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.
Open the official coverage guideSafety
How safe is Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Police recorded about 3,987 incidents per 100,000 (2025). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026)3
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents | 3,987 incidents per 100,000country median 4,740 | 31 Dec 2025 | Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026)3Official |
Mobility and administration
Language courses and integration
No exact city-level course record is currently published for Saint-Jean-de-Braye. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.
Contrat d’intégration républicaine (CIR) — Integration course
État français and OFII
For eligible non-EU foreign residents.
DIAN language-training offer finder — Other
Réseau des Carif-Oref and DIAN
For people seeking French-language training.
Climate and air quality
Is the air quality good in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The annual PM2.5 mean is about 7.8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³.
Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.
- PM2.5 — annual mean: 7.83 µg/m³ · 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.1
Night-time low to daytime high
mm
hours
Within WHO 2021 guidelineAbove WHO, within EU limitAbove EU legal limitCity annual mean · µg/m³
City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.
Saint-Jean-de-Braye 7.8
Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO₂ — annual mean | 11.92 µg/m³country median 14.8 | 2024 | 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.1Official |
| NO₂ — latest reading | 9.97 µg/m³ | 15 Jul 2026 | Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata.14Official |
| PM10 — annual mean | 12.24 µg/m³country median 14.2 | 2024 | 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.1Official |
| PM2.5 — annual mean | 7.83 µg/m³country median 8.5 | 2024 | 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation.1Official |
| Average daytime high by month | Jan 7.1 · Feb 8.5 · Mar 12.6 · Apr 16 · May 19.6 · Jun 23.1 · Jul 25.8 · Aug 25.8 · Sep 21.7 · Oct 16.5 · Nov 10.9 · Dec 7.5 °C | 1991–2020 | WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS24Official · nearest-station reading |
| Average night-time low by month | Jan 1.7 · Feb 1.3 · Mar 3.3 · Apr 5.2 · May 8.8 · Jun 11.8 · Jul 13.6 · Aug 13.6 · Sep 10.5 · Oct 8.2 · Nov 4.5 · Dec 2.1 °C | 1991–2020 | WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS24Official · nearest-station reading |
| Average temperature by month | Jan 4.4 · Feb 4.9 · Mar 7.9 · Apr 10.6 · May 14.2 · Jun 17.5 · Jul 19.7 · Aug 19.7 · Sep 16.1 · Oct 12.4 · Nov 7.7 · Dec 4.8 °C | 1991–2020 | WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS24Official · nearest-station reading |
| Average precipitation by month | Jan 48.1 · Feb 44.9 · Mar 44.2 · Apr 47.2 · May 63 · Jun 51 · Jul 57.2 · Aug 50.5 · Sep 51.3 · Oct 59.3 · Nov 60.3 · Dec 58.5 mm | 1991–2020 | WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS24Official · nearest-station reading |
| Average sunshine by month | Jan 64 · Feb 90 · Mar 146 · Apr 185 · May 214 · Jun 220 · Jul 232 · Aug 228 · Sep 184 · Oct 121 · Nov 73 · Dec 60 hours | 1991–2020 | WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS24Official · nearest-station reading |
Annual PM2.5 fell 53.9% between 2013 and 2024, from 17.0 to 7.8.
Similar climate. In France: Reims ±0.7 °C. Elsewhere: Werl (Germany) ±1.2 °C, Saanich (Canada) ±1.3 °C, Harrow (United Kingdom) ±0.8 °C, Watford (United Kingdom) ±0.8 °C, Slough (United Kingdom) ±1.0 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month
Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.
Population and city profile
How many people live in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The published population was 23,147 people in January 2023. Source: INSEE populations légales 2023 par commune11
By nationality
National passport89.7%
Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| City area | 13.7 km² | 31 Dec 2026 | Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte22Official |
| Foreign residents | 2,380 people | 2021 | Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT117Official |
| Population density | 1,690 people/km² | 31 Dec 2023 | Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte22Official |
| Population | 23,147 people | 1 Jan 2023 | INSEE populations légales 2023 par commune11Official |
International community in Saint-Jean-de-Braye
Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.
Citizenship
Population resident in France excluding Mayotte; INSEE RP2023 NAT; total age and sex · 2023 Census
| Published group | People | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 23,147 | 100.0% |
| Français | 20,265.206 | 87.6% |
| Etranger | 2,881.794 | 12.4% |
Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source13
Additional context
| Metric | Value | Period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Universities | 0 count | 3 Aug 2026 | Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr)16Official |
Alternatives for people set on Saint-Jean-de-Braye
Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.
Chécy as a Saint-Jean-de-Braye alternative in the same region
5 km away, better on 3 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1.
- Unemployment: 7.6% Chécy vs 12.4% Saint-Jean-de-Braye−39%
- Residents: 9,083 Chécy vs 23,147 Saint-Jean-de-Braye−61%
- Rent: €12.37/m² Chécy vs €11.51/m² Saint-Jean-de-Braye+7%
- Recorded crime, per 100k: 3,477 Chécy vs 3,987 Saint-Jean-de-Braye−13%
- Nearest airport: 11.0 km Chécy vs 14.0 km Saint-Jean-de-Braye−21%
- Median gross pay, region: €2,597 Chécy vs €2,597 Saint-Jean-de-Brayesame level
- Annual PM2.5: 7.8 µg/m³ Chécy vs 7.8 µg/m³ Saint-Jean-de-Brayesame level
Sartrouville as a Saint-Jean-de-Braye alternative in the same country
A move, not a commute, at 116 km, better on 2 of 6 metrics measured the same way, worse on 3. Rent cannot be compared like for like.
- Residents: 52,763 Sartrouville vs 23,147 Saint-Jean-de-Braye+128%
- Median gross pay, region: €3,317 Sartrouville vs €2,597 Saint-Jean-de-Braye+28%
- Rent: €20.51/m² Sartrouville vs €11.51/m² Saint-Jean-de-Brayeno percentage
- Unemployment: 10.5% Sartrouville vs 12.4% Saint-Jean-de-Braye−15%
- Recorded crime, per 100k: 4,581 Sartrouville vs 3,987 Saint-Jean-de-Braye+15%
- Annual PM2.5: 9.7 µg/m³ Sartrouville vs 7.8 µg/m³ Saint-Jean-de-Braye+24%
- Nearest airport: 18.0 km Sartrouville vs 14.0 km Saint-Jean-de-Braye+29%
Cities near Saint-Jean-de-Braye
Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.
- Rent
- 12.95 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 14.3 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 11.79 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 14.7 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 12.37 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 11.22 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 11.58 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
- Rent
- 11.77 EUR/m²/monthAverage net rent (nettokalt) · 2025-12-31
Alternative cities in France
Other cities in France to compare with Saint-Jean-de-Braye, nearest in population first.
How does Saint-Jean-de-Braye compare?
Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Saint-Jean-de-Braye's.
Saint-Jean-de-Braye in rankings
Is Saint-Jean-de-Braye part of Orléans?
Saint-Jean-de-Braye is in the published commuting zone of Orléans; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub. Orléans city profile
Relationship type: Commuting Zone Of. Source5
Common questions
Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.
How many people live in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The published population was 23,147 people in January 2023. Source: INSEE populations légales 2023 par commune.
How much does it cost to rent in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Average net cold rent is 11.51 EUR/m² per month (2025-Q3), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 806 EUR a month before utilities. Source: static.data.gouv.fr.
Is the air quality good in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The annual PM2.5 mean is about 7.8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation..
How safe is Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Police recorded about 3,987 incidents per 100,000 (2025). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026).
What is the unemployment rate in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The unemployment rate is about 12.4 % (2022). Source: INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune.
What is the typical salary around Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The median gross salary is 2,597 EUR/month. Source: www.insee.fr.
Is Saint-Jean-de-Braye a good place to live?
Saint-Jean-de-Braye may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.
Is Saint-Jean-de-Braye part of Orléans?
Saint-Jean-de-Braye is in the published commuting zone of Orléans; this does not mean it is administratively part of the hub.
Which cities are near Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
Orléans, Saint-Denis-en-Val, Fleury-les-Aubrais, Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Chécy are near Saint-Jean-de-Braye. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.
How many people are in the Français citizenship group in Saint-Jean-de-Braye?
The official citizenship distribution records 20,265.206 people (87.6%) in the source-defined population for 2023 Census. This is a citizenship measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.
Cite this page
Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.
APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France: population, rent, salary, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 1dfe4e0e1dcba474c01c1714ac6229a6]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/saint-jean-de-braye/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_saint-jean-de-braye-france-population-rent-salary-jobs_827d98ec21d9,
author = {ImmigrationDB},
title = {Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France: population, rent, salary, jobs},
publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-10-16},
version = {1dfe4e0e1dcba474c01c1714ac6229a6},
url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/saint-jean-de-braye/},
note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}Markdown citation
[Saint-Jean-de-Braye, France: population, rent, salary, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/fr/saint-jean-de-braye/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 1dfe4e0e1dcba474c01c1714ac6229a6; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.
Sources
- 2024 validated hourly NO2 station observations transformed to the exact INSEE commune centre by deterministic nearest-station selection and equal-weight aggregation. air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-15
- Arcep (Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques, des postes et de la distribution de la presse) data.arcep.fr · checked 2026-08-03
- Base statistique communale de la délinquance enregistrée par la police et la gendarmerie nationales, 2025 (géographie 2026) static.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-09-23
- DREES / DGOS – Statistique Annuelle des Établissements de Santé (SAE) 2011 data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
- GISCO Urban Audit 2021 — Functional Urban Areas (URAU_RG_100K_2021_4326_FUA) GISCO Urban Audit 2021 · gisco-services.ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-09-19
- Independent ARCEP municipal count of premises eligible for the >=1 Gbit/s fixed advertised-speed class, divided by the ARCEP type=all municipal premises denominator. This is availability/eligibility, not adoption, measured speed, FTTH-only coverage or mobile coverage. data.arcep.fr · checked 2026-03-31
- INSEE insee.fr · checked 2026-08-07
- INSEE insee.fr · checked 2026-08-07
- INSEE — Recensement de la population, populations légales millésime 2023 (data.gouv.fr mirror) INSEE · object.files.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-07-03
- INSEE BPE 2024 commune equipment and PMUN denominator evidence insee.fr · checked 2026-07-16
Show 24 more sources
- INSEE populations légales 2023 par commune insee.fr · checked 2026-07-26
- INSEE RP2022 ACT1 — population active by type of activity, commune INSEE RP2022 ACT1 · insee.fr · checked 2026-07-26
- Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE), France api.insee.fr · checked 2026-08-30
- Latest valid NO2 hourly station observation on the official LCSQA E2 current-day extract, mapped to the exact INSEE centre through an exact normalized station-name crosswalk to EEA station metadata. files.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-07-15
- Ministère de l'Éducation nationale (data.education.gouv.fr) data.education.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
- Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr) data.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-03
- Nationalité en 2021 — Base des tableaux détaillés — NAT1 Nationalité en 2021 · insee.fr · checked 2026-07-15
- Orange 100GB mobile plan boutique.orange.fr · checked 2026-09-15
- Orange Livebox Fibre boutique.orange.fr · checked 2026-09-15
- OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
- RNEE exact Code_commune; etat=OUVERT; code_nature 100-199 or 300-399; unique UAI count. data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-07-16
- Séries historiques en 2023 — Recensement de la population, base des principaux indicateurs, communes de France hors Mayotte Séries historiques en 2023 · insee.fr · checked 2026-09-24
- static.data.gouv.fr static.data.gouv.fr · checked 2026-08-27
- WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station ORLEANS WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
- www.insee.fr insee.fr · checked 2026-08-27
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
- Wikidata identity and coordinates — Q761701 Wikidata identity and coordinates · wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-05
Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.