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Living in Singen Hohentwiel

Singen Hohentwiel is a city in Germany. At the end of 2024, Singen Hohentwiel had a population of 47,621. Gigabit broadband availability was 78.6% in 2025. Car density was 581 vehicles per 1,000 residents in 2026. A regional estimate placed average net cold rent at €12 per m² per month in 2024.

Pricier rent than 76% of German cities that publish it and higher unemployment than 89% of German cities that publish it.

Which Germany-wide rules apply when you move to Singen Hohentwiel?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in GermanyNational rates and thresholds that apply in Singen Hohentwiel.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

How much does it cost to rent in Singen Hohentwiel?

Average net cold rent is 7.81 EUR/m² per month (May 2022), excluding heating and operating charges.

Published average over existing tenancies; a specific flat can sit either side of it. Asking-rent series, where present, are separate rows in the table.

  • Average net rent (nettokalt): 7.81 EUR/m²/month · Destatis6

City-level rent is published below; no city-level cost-of-living basket is published for Singen Hohentwiel yet.

Net rent across major citiesSingen Hohentwiel highlighted among comparable cities
Net rent across major cities with Singen Hohentwiel highlighted€9.94Hamburg€9.72Stuttgart€9.10Augsburg€9.09Mannheim€7.81Singen Hohentwiel€7.71Berlin€7.20Dresden€6.79Braunschweig€6.72Bielefeld€6.66Duisburg€6.27Leipzig€6.00Dortmundnet rent, € / m² / month
MetricValuePeriodSource
Average net rent (nettokalt)7.81 EUR/m²/monthcountry median €6.5631 Dec 2022Destatis6Official
Average net rent (nettokalt)Alternative estimate12 EUR/m²/month2024BBSR INKAR — advertised asking rent for re-let flats (indicator 2113)2Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · district-level figure

Worked out from these numbers

What does a 60 m² flat cost?

About 469 EUR a month in cold rent at the published average of 7.81 EUR/m² per month, before heating and operating charges.

Heating, water and operating charges come on top, and a specific flat can sit either side of an average.

Source period: May 2022

Work and income

The unemployment rate was 7.5% in May 2022.

What is the unemployment rate in Singen Hohentwiel?

The unemployment rate is about 7.5 % (May 2022). Source: Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities17

Unemployment across cities in GermanyUnemployment in Singen Hohentwiel is 7.5%. Of 2,973 cities with data, 1,290 have unemployment of 4 to under 6%.
unemployment rate, % · measured cities in Germany per band801 cities: 2% to under 4%8012–41290 cities: 4% to under 6%12904–6624 cities: 6% to under 8%6246–8Singen Hohentwiel 7.5%228 cities: 8% to under 10%2288–1024 cities: 10% to under 12%2410–124 cities: 12% to under 14%412–142 cities: 14% to under 16%214–16

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Gigabit broadband availability78.55 %31 Dec 2025Bundesnetzagentur / BMDV — Breitbandatlas5Official
Median gross salary (regional)4,300 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA), Statistik3Official
Unemployment rate7.5 %country median 5.1%15 May 2022Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities17Official

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Singen Hohentwiel. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Public employment service

Bundesagentur für Arbeit

Job Search
Search jobs
Open the Germany service overview

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Singen Hohentwiel. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Healthcare

MetricValuePeriodSource
Hospital Beds Per 100k934.5 beds per 100,00031 Dec 2024Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (Bundesklinik-Atlas)4Official

Yes — migrants receive medical care in Singen Hohentwiel through valid health insurance.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Hospital Beds Per 100k934.5 beds per 100,000Verified 2026-08-03
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Airport Direct Destinations Count12 count3 Aug 2026OpenFlights10Official
Destinations from nearest airport137 count13 Jun 2026OpenFlights — routes.dat10Official
Nearest airportZRH13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv11Official
Distance to nearest airport40.3 km13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv11Official
Nearest Major Airport Distance Km51 km3 Aug 2026OurAirports11Official
Nearest Major Airport IataFDH3 Aug 2026OurAirports11Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Singen Hohentwiel. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

BAMF Integrationskurse — Integration course

Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF)

For eligible migrants.

GermanIn Person
Open official information

BAMF job-related German courses — Job-related language course

Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF)

For migrants needing job-related German.

GermanIn Person
Open official information
Open the full Germany section
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Singen Hohentwiel.

Climate and air quality

Is the air quality good in Singen Hohentwiel?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 6 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: air.discomap.eea.europa.eu1

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Singen Hohentwiel average monthly daytime high and night-time low temperature, °C-10°0°10°20°30°JFMAMJJASOND26°-1°Daytime highNight-time low
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Singen Hohentwiel average monthly precipitation, mm02550751004645515789100969869635863JFMAMJJASONDmm
Sunshine through the yearAverage monthly sunshine, hours
Singen Hohentwiel average monthly sunshine, hours06513019526051861491922162362542321671015445JFMAMJJASONDhours
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits
Singen Hohentwiel annual air pollutant levels against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limitsCity valueWHO guidelineEU limit5256.0PM2.5µg/m³

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in GermanyAnnual PM2.5 in Singen Hohentwiel is 6.0 µg/m³. Of 444 cities with data, 155 have annual PM2.5 of 8 to under 9 µg/m³.
annual PM2.5, µg/m³ · measured cities in Germany per band1 city: 3 µg/m³ to under 4 µg/m³13–410 cities: 4 µg/m³ to under 5 µg/m³104–54 cities: 5 µg/m³ to under 6 µg/m³45–643 cities: 6 µg/m³ to under 7 µg/m³436–7Singen Hohentwiel 6.0102 cities: 7 µg/m³ to under 8 µg/m³1027–8155 cities: 8 µg/m³ to under 9 µg/m³1558–990 cities: 9 µg/m³ to under 10 µg/m³909–1030 cities: 10 µg/m³ to under 11 µg/m³3010–115 cities: 11 µg/m³ to under 12 µg/m³511–122 cities: 12 µg/m³ to under 13 µg/m³212–132 cities: 13 µg/m³ to under 14 µg/m³213–14

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
PM2.5 — annual mean6 µg/m³31 Dec 2024air.discomap.eea.europa.eu1Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context
Average daytime high by monthJan 3.9 · Feb 5.8 · Mar 11.1 · Apr 16 · May 20.3 · Jun 23.9 · Jul 25.7 · Aug 25.3 · Sep 20.3 · Oct 14.6 · Nov 8.2 · Dec 4.5 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz14Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by monthJan -1 · Feb -0.9 · Mar 2 · Apr 5.2 · May 9.5 · Jun 13.2 · Jul 15 · Aug 14.8 · Sep 11.1 · Oct 7.3 · Nov 2.9 · Dec -0.1 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz14Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by monthJan 1.2 · Feb 2.1 · Mar 6 · Apr 10.2 · May 14.5 · Jun 18.1 · Jul 19.9 · Aug 19.5 · Sep 15 · Oct 10.3 · Nov 5.2 · Dec 2 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz14Official · nearest-station reading
Average precipitation by monthJan 45.8 · Feb 44.8 · Mar 50.6 · Apr 56.5 · May 89.2 · Jun 99.7 · Jul 96.3 · Aug 97.7 · Sep 69.4 · Oct 62.8 · Nov 57.5 · Dec 63.2 mm1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz14Official · nearest-station reading
Average sunshine by monthJan 51.4 · Feb 85.8 · Mar 149.1 · Apr 191.6 · May 216 · Jun 235.5 · Jul 254 · Aug 231.8 · Sep 166.5 · Oct 101 · Nov 53.5 · Dec 44.6 hours1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz14Official · nearest-station reading

Cities of a similar size in Germany

Closest published populations, for a like-for-like comparison.

All Germany cities
Soest47,776 residentsBruchsal47,784 residentsGoslar47,419 residentsRheda-Wiedenbrueck48,030 residentsDachau47,138 residentsFellbach47,120 residents

Population and city profile

The city covered 61.8 km² in 2024. Population density was 770.9 people per km² in 2024.

How many people live in Singen Hohentwiel?

The published population was 47,621 people in 2024. Source: Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis7

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population
Singen Hohentwiel residents by nationalityBy nationalityNational passport74%Foreign residents26%

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Cars per 1,000 residents581 cars/1000 residents1 Jan 2026Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt — FZ 3 vehicle stock by municipality8Official
City area61.77 km²31 Dec 2024Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis7Official
Foreign residents12,400 people15 May 2022Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities16Official
Population density770.9 people/km²31 Dec 2024Official municipality population divided by official municipality area from the same Destatis row.9Official
Population47,621 people31 Dec 2024Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis7Official

People and communities

MetricValuePeriodSource
Catholic residents16,623 people15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official
Catholic share35.5 %15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official
No religion or other23,904 people15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official
No religion or other, share51.1 %15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official
Protestant residents6,261 people15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official
Protestant share13.4 %15 May 2022Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit15Official

International community in Singen Hohentwiel

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Country of birth

Persons · 2022-05-15

Published groupPeopleShare
Total46,789100.0%
Germany29,48263.0%
Romania2,3485.0%
Kazakhstan1,4163.0%
Russian Federation1,3012.8%
Poland1,2662.7%
Italy1,2352.6%
Turkey9722.1%
Kosovo8841.9%
Syrian Arab Republic8571.8%
Ukraine6121.3%
Show 111 more groups
Published groupPeopleShare
Portugal5211.1%
Serbia4390.9%
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of4240.9%
Bosnia and Herzegovina3720.8%
Croatia3670.8%
Hungary3490.7%
Switzerland2920.6%
Iraq1890.4%
India1650.4%
Czech Republic1580.3%
Austria1560.3%
Spain1530.3%
Greece1500.3%
Kyrgyzstan1470.3%
Iran, Islamic Republic of1450.3%
Bulgaria1440.3%
Moldova, Republic of1420.3%
Afghanistan1400.3%
Viet Nam1220.3%
Albania1130.2%
France860.2%
Philippines770.2%
Pakistan670.1%
China670.1%
Thailand650.1%
Lithuania630.1%
Brazil610.1%
Sri Lanka590.1%
Eritrea520.1%
Uzbekistan520.1%
Algeria510.1%
Lebanon440.1%
Slovakia420.1%
Nigeria410.1%
Tunisia410.1%
United Kingdom400.1%
Morocco390.1%
United States390.1%
Tajikistan380.1%
Not stated350.1%
Slovenia330.1%
Cameroon330.1%
Latvia320.1%
Georgia260.1%
Cuba240.1%
Gambia220.0%
Egypt220.0%
Paraguay220.0%
Argentina190.0%
Belarus180.0%
Canada160.0%
Colombia160.0%
Saudi Arabia160.0%
Angola140.0%
Mexico140.0%
Azerbaijan140.0%
South Africa130.0%
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of130.0%
Indonesia130.0%
Kenya120.0%
Somalia120.0%
Togo120.0%
Netherlands110.0%
Sweden110.0%
Dominican Republic110.0%
Turkmenistan110.0%
Madagascar100.0%
Malaysia100.0%
Australia100.0%
Belgium90.0%
Jordan90.0%
Palestinian territories90.0%
Montenegro80.0%
Ghana80.0%
Ecuador80.0%
Armenia80.0%
United Arab Emirates80.0%
Finland70.0%
Ethiopia70.0%
Libya70.0%
Peru70.0%
Mozambique60.0%
Sierra Leone60.0%
Taiwan, Province of China60.0%
Congo, the Democratic Republic of the50.0%
Chile50.0%
Korea, Republic of50.0%
Singapore50.0%
Ireland40.0%
Rwanda40.0%
Bolivia, Plurinational State of40.0%
Uruguay40.0%
Kuwait40.0%
Lao People'S Democratic Republic40.0%
Estonia30.0%
Luxembourg30.0%
Zimbabwe30.0%
Guinea30.0%
Namibia30.0%
Sudan30.0%
Chad30.0%
Uganda30.0%
El Salvador30.0%
Guatemala30.0%
Honduras30.0%
Myanmar30.0%
Israel30.0%
Cambodia30.0%
Mongolia30.0%
Bangladesh30.0%
Papua New Guinea30.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source13

Citizenship

Persons · 2022-05-15

Published groupPeopleShare
Total46,789100.0%
Germany34,39073.5%
Italy1,8784.0%
Romania1,5983.4%
Turkey1,0222.2%
Syrian Arab Republic1,0072.2%
Kosovo7711.6%
Portugal6801.5%
Croatia5551.2%
Ukraine4410.9%
Hungary3850.8%
Show 91 more groups
Published groupPeopleShare
Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of3820.8%
Serbia2910.6%
Poland2700.6%
Russian Federation2040.4%
Greece1880.4%
Bulgaria1840.4%
Bosnia and Herzegovina1820.4%
Spain1640.4%
Afghanistan1610.3%
Iraq1470.3%
India1320.3%
Austria1270.3%
Switzerland1200.3%
Albania1110.2%
Viet Nam1100.2%
Kazakhstan870.2%
Iran, Islamic Republic of760.2%
France680.1%
Lithuania630.1%
Eritrea630.1%
Thailand510.1%
China510.1%
Philippines460.1%
Sri Lanka420.1%
Algeria350.1%
Brazil350.1%
Moldova, Republic of330.1%
Pakistan330.1%
Czech Republic320.1%
United States300.1%
United Kingdom280.1%
Nigeria280.1%
Uncertain240.1%
Tunisia230.0%
Egypt230.0%
Latvia210.0%
Slovakia210.0%
Cameroon200.0%
Georgia190.0%
Gambia160.0%
Somalia160.0%
Morocco150.0%
Slovenia130.0%
Sweden130.0%
Lebanon120.0%
Canada100.0%
Cuba100.0%
Malaysia100.0%
Finland90.0%
Netherlands90.0%
Kenya90.0%
Stateless90.0%
Angola80.0%
Congo, the Democratic Republic of the80.0%
Azerbaijan80.0%
Montenegro70.0%
Belarus70.0%
Togo70.0%
Jordan70.0%
Kyrgyzstan70.0%
Turkmenistan70.0%
Madagascar60.0%
Indonesia60.0%
Palestinian territories60.0%
Ethiopia50.0%
South Africa50.0%
Argentina50.0%
Dominican Republic50.0%
Belgium40.0%
Ghana40.0%
Rwanda40.0%
Colombia40.0%
Myanmar40.0%
Saudi Arabia40.0%
Australia40.0%
Denmark30.0%
Zimbabwe30.0%
Guinea30.0%
Senegal30.0%
Sudan30.0%
Ecuador30.0%
El Salvador30.0%
Guatemala30.0%
Paraguay30.0%
China (Hong Kong)30.0%
Armenia30.0%
Cambodia30.0%
Mongolia30.0%
Tajikistan30.0%
Singapore30.0%
Uzbekistan30.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source12

Is Singen Hohentwiel a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker54%strong on work, weak on safety · range 45–63%
Skilled employee57%strong on work, weak on safety · range 48–66%
Student57%strong on legal route, weak on safety · range 47–67%
Family49%strong on family, weak on safety · range 39–59%
Retirement55%strong on air quality, weak on admin · range 43–67%
Foreign residents12,400 people15 May 2022Official source · Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities
Population47,621 people31 Dec 2024Official source · Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis
Average net rent (nettokalt)7.81 EUR/m²/month31 Dec 2022Official source · Destatis
Gigabit broadband availability78.55 %31 Dec 2025Official source · Bundesnetzagentur / BMDV — Breitbandatlas
Median gross salary (regional)4,300 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA), Statistik
Unemployment rate7.5 %15 May 2022Official source · Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities
Every value keeps its source, geographic scope and verification date · Last checked 2026-09-02

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Singen Hohentwiel?

The published population was 47,621 people in 2024. Source: Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis.

How much does it cost to rent in Singen Hohentwiel?

Average net cold rent is 7.81 EUR/m² per month (May 2022), excluding heating and operating charges. For a 70 m² flat that is about 547 EUR a month before utilities. Source: Destatis.

Is the air quality good in Singen Hohentwiel?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 6 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: air.discomap.eea.europa.eu.

What is the unemployment rate in Singen Hohentwiel?

The unemployment rate is about 7.5 % (May 2022). Source: Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities.

What is the typical salary around Singen Hohentwiel?

The median gross salary is 4,300 EUR/month. Source: Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA), Statistik.

How many foreign residents live in Singen Hohentwiel?

12,400 people residents hold a foreign nationality. Source: Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities.

Is Singen Hohentwiel a good place to live?

Singen Hohentwiel may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

How many people born in Total live in Singen Hohentwiel?

The official country of birth distribution records 46,789 people (100.0%) in the source-defined population for 2022-05-15. This is a country of birth measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 12). Singen Hohentwiel, Germany: rent, salary [ImmigrationDB compilation; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/de/singen-hohentwiel/ Retrieved 2026-09-12. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_singen-hohentwiel-germany-rent-salary_aee3c81f2d13,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Singen Hohentwiel, Germany: rent, salary},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-09-12},
  version = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  snapshot = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/de/singen-hohentwiel/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-09-12. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Singen Hohentwiel, Germany: rent, salary](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/de/singen-hohentwiel/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; retrieved 2026-09-12; built 2026-09-12.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. air.discomap.eea.europa.eu air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-26
  2. All recorded crimes per 100,000 residents in the BBSR/PKS Kreis indicator. inkar.de · checked 2026-07-16
  3. Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA), Statistik statistik.arbeitsagentur.de · checked 2026-08-20
  4. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (Bundesklinik-Atlas) bundes-klinik-atlas.de · checked 2026-08-03
  5. Bundesnetzagentur / BMDV — Breitbandatlas Bundesnetzagentur / BMDV · gigabitgrundbuch.bund.de · checked 2026-07-14
  6. Destatis destatis.de · checked 2026-08-26
  7. Destatis Gemeindeverzeichnis destatis.de · checked 2026-07-14
  8. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt — FZ 3 vehicle stock by municipality Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt · kba.de · checked 2026-07-14
  9. Official municipality population divided by official municipality area from the same Destatis row. destatis.de · checked 2024-12-31
  10. OpenFlights raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-08-03
Show 7 more sources
  1. OurAirports — airports.csv OurAirports · davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-07-14
  2. Statistical Offices of the Federation and the Länder, Germany citizenship distribution ergebnisse.zensus2022.de · checked 2026-08-28
  3. Statistical Offices of the Federation and the Länder, Germany country_of_birth distribution ergebnisse.zensus2022.de · checked 2026-08-28
  4. WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Konstanz WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  5. Zensus 2022 — Anteil Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit Zensus 2022 · destatis.de · checked 2026-09-01
  6. Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities Zensus 2022 regional tables · destatis.de · checked 2026-07-26
  7. Zensus 2022 regional tables — Germany municipalities Zensus 2022 regional tables · destatis.de · checked 2026-07-26

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.