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Living in Apeldoorn

Apeldoorn is a city in the Netherlands. At the end of 2024, the unemployment rate was 3.3%. Its population was 169,212 at the start of 2026.

Higher unemployment than 65% of Dutch cities that publish it, more recorded crime than 83% of Dutch cities that publish it and cleaner air than 74% of Dutch cities that publish it.

Which Netherlands-wide rules apply when you move to Apeldoorn?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in NetherlandsNational rates and thresholds that apply in Apeldoorn.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

No city-level rent figure is published for Apeldoorn. The available city-level cost figures remain below.

What recurs every month5 published recurring costs, € per month
Apeldoorn recurring monthly costs, € per month€1493Private kindergarten€227Utilities, 85 m² flat€99Transport pass€39Internet, 60 Mbps€33Fitness club€ / month

Supplemental estimate lane; these items are not official statistics.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Fitness club membership, monthly33.17 EUR/month31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited38.56 EUR/month31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Private kindergarten, monthly1,493 EUR/month31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Meal at an inexpensive restaurant17.92 EUR31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Monthly transport pass98.52 EUR/month31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Basic utilities, 85 m² home227.2 EUR/month31 Dec 2022Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v222Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Housing Stock Total73,244 dwellings31 Dec 2020CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek3Official
Rental Share Pct40 pct31 Dec 2020CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek3Official

Work and income

What is the unemployment rate in Apeldoorn?

The unemployment rate is 3.3 % (2024). Source: CBS labour market in figures 2024 — unemployment by municipality8

Unemployment across cities in NetherlandsUnemployment in Apeldoorn is 3.3%. Of 337 cities with data, 146 have unemployment of 3 to under 3.5%.
unemployment rate, % · measured cities in Netherlands per band1 city: 2% to under 2.5%12–2.5113 cities: 2.5% to under 3%1132.5–3146 cities: 3% to under 3.5%1463–3.5Apeldoorn 3.3%51 cities: 3.5% to under 4%513.5–416 cities: 4% to under 4.5%164–4.56 cities: 4.5% to under 5%64.5–54 cities: 5% to under 5.5%45–5.5

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Gigabit broadband availability99.77 %2025 Q1Percentage of households in the Dutch municipality with access to a fixed internet connection of at least 1 Gbps (1000 Mbit/s); availability, not subscribed plan, measured speed or FTTH-only coverage.18Official
Median Income Eur Year34,500 EUR/year31 Dec 2024CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek4Official
Unemployment rate3.3 %country median 3.1%31 Dec 2024CBS labour market in figures 2024 — unemployment by municipality8Official
Unemployment rate over time10 published observations, 2011–2024
Unemployment rate in Apeldoorn by year, %2.6%4.0%5.4%6.8%201120152019202120243.3%%

Unemployment rate fell 14.3% between 2011 and 2024, from 3.9% to 3.3%.

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Apeldoorn. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

UWV public employment service — Public employment service

Uitvoeringsinstituut Werknemersverzekeringen (UWV)

Job Search
Open official service
Open the Netherlands service overview

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Apeldoorn. Sources checked through 11 Aug 2026.

Family and education

MetricValuePeriodSource
Primary School Count51 count3 Aug 2026DUO (Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs)10Official
School Count81 count3 Aug 2026DUO (Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs)10Official

Safety

How safe is Apeldoorn?

Police recorded 4,530 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source.

  • Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents: 4,530 offences per 100,000 · CBS StatLine 83648NED — registered crime by municipality, total, 20249
Recorded crime across major citiesApeldoorn highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Apeldoorn highlighted8,970Amsterdam8,200Rotterdam7,990Eindhoven6,970Arnhem6,890's-Gravenhage6,800Utrecht6,280Nijmegen6,160Groningen5,870Breda5,560Tilburg4,530Apeldoorn4,280Almererecorded incidents per 100k residents
MetricValuePeriodSource
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents4,530 offences per 100,000country median 3,08031 Dec 2024CBS StatLine 83648NED — registered crime by municipality, total, 20249Official

Mobility and administration

The nearest airport was NRN, 69.7 km away, with 38 listed destinations in June 2026. Car density was 525.2 vehicles per 1,000 residents at the start of 2025. Gigabit broadband availability was 99.8% in Q1 2025.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Destinations from nearest airport38 count13 Jun 2026OpenFlights — routes.dat16Official
Nearest airportNRN13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv17Official
Distance to nearest airport69.7 km13 Jun 2026OurAirports — airports.csv17Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Apeldoorn. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Blik op Werk integration-provider quality register — Other

Blik op Werk

For integration-course applicants.

DutchIn Person, Online
Open official information

DUO choosing an integration course — State Language Course

Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs (DUO)

For people who must integrate.

DutchIn Person
Open official information
Open the full Netherlands section
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Apeldoorn.

Climate and air quality

Is the air quality good in Apeldoorn?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — NL PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)13

Annual mean at the measuring site(s) serving the city; current-day readings differ.

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Apeldoorn average monthly daytime high and night-time low temperature, °C0°10°20°30°JFMAMJJASOND23°0°Daytime highNight-time low
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Apeldoorn average monthly precipitation, mm0255075100806461446369878474738091JFMAMJJASONDmm
Sunshine through the yearAverage monthly sunshine, hours
Apeldoorn average monthly sunshine, hours05511016522063871361822051962031881491166754JFMAMJJASONDhours
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits
Apeldoorn annual air pollutant levels against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limitsCity valueWHO guidelineEU limit5258.0PM2.5154014.0PM1010409.0NO₂µg/m³

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in NetherlandsAnnual PM2.5 in Apeldoorn is 8.0 µg/m³. Of 50 cities with data, 19 have annual PM2.5 of 9 to under 10 µg/m³.
annual PM2.5, µg/m³ · measured cities in Netherlands per band2 cities: 6 µg/m³ to under 7 µg/m³26–711 cities: 7 µg/m³ to under 8 µg/m³117–87 cities: 8 µg/m³ to under 9 µg/m³78–9Apeldoorn 8.019 cities: 9 µg/m³ to under 10 µg/m³199–1010 cities: 10 µg/m³ to under 11 µg/m³1010–111 city: 11 µg/m³ to under 12 µg/m³111–12

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
NO₂ — annual mean9 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — NL NO2 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)11Official · nearest-station reading
PM10 — annual mean14 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — NL PM10 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)12Official · nearest-station reading
PM2.5 — annual mean8 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EEA air quality statistics — NL PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)13Official · nearest-station reading
Average daytime high by monthJan 5.4 · Feb 6.5 · Mar 10.3 · Apr 14.9 · May 18.6 · Jun 21.3 · Jul 23.4 · Aug 23 · Sep 19.4 · Oct 14.5 · Nov 9.3 · Dec 6 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv21Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by monthJan 0 · Feb 0 · Mar 1.6 · Apr 3.8 · May 7.5 · Jun 10.4 · Jul 12.6 · Aug 12.3 · Sep 9.8 · Oct 6.6 · Nov 3.3 · Dec 0.9 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv21Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by monthJan 2.9 · Feb 3.2 · Mar 5.9 · Apr 9.6 · May 13.3 · Jun 16.1 · Jul 18.1 · Aug 17.7 · Sep 14.5 · Oct 10.5 · Nov 6.4 · Dec 3.5 °C1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv21Official · nearest-station reading
Average precipitation by monthJan 79.5 · Feb 63.7 · Mar 60.7 · Apr 43.8 · May 62.9 · Jun 69.1 · Jul 86.5 · Aug 83.9 · Sep 73.8 · Oct 73.3 · Nov 79.5 · Dec 91.3 mm1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv21Official · nearest-station reading
Average sunshine by monthJan 62.7 · Feb 86.7 · Mar 135.8 · Apr 181.6 · May 205.1 · Jun 196.2 · Jul 203.2 · Aug 188.3 · Sep 148.7 · Oct 115.9 · Nov 66.7 · Dec 53.5 hours1991–2020WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv21Official · nearest-station reading

Cities of a similar size in Netherlands

Closest published populations, for a like-for-like comparison.

All Netherlands cities
Haarlem168,898 residentsHaarlemmermeer166,978 residentsArnhem171,822 residentsZaanstad165,201 residentsAmersfoort163,764 residentsEnschede162,683 residents

Population and city profile

The city covered 341.2 km² in 2026. Population density was 496 people per km² in 2026.

How many people live in Apeldoorn?

The published population was 169,212 people in January 2026. Source: CBS — Population on 1 January 2026, municipality Apeldoorn (GM0200)6

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population
Apeldoorn residents by nationalityBy nationalityNational passport78.4%Foreign residents21.6%

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Address Density1,770 addresses/km²27 Aug 2026CBS2Official
Area341.1 km²10 Jun 2026Wikidata (P2046)23Independent · gemeente
Cars per 1,000 residents525.2 cars/1000 residents1 Jan 2025CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population.7Official
City area341.2 km²28 Jan 2026Kadaster BRK Bestuurlijke Gebieden, current municipality boundary polygon in EPSG:28992; area is the polygon area converted from m² to km².15Official
Foreign-resident share4.8 %31 Dec 2024Eurostat14Official
Foreign residents36,608 people1 Jan 2025CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population.7Official
Population density496 people/km²10 Jun 2026CBS2Official · gemeente
Population169,212 people10 Jun 2026CBS — Population on 1 January 2026, municipality Apeldoorn (GM0200)6Official
Foreign residents over time10 published observations, 2014–2025
Foreign residents in Apeldoorn by year, residents91913,69726,47439,2522014201620202022202536,608residents

Foreign residents rose 927.4% between 2014 and 2025, from 3,563 to 36,608.

International community in Apeldoorn

Named groups from exact city-grain official distributions. Citizenship, birthplace, language and ancestry answer different questions and stay separate.

Country of birth

Population registered in Dutch municipalities; CBS population on 1 January · 2026-01-01

Published groupPeopleShare
Born in the Netherlands148,21587.6%
Born outside the Netherlands20,99712.4%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source20

Citizenship

Residents in the Dutch population register; 1 January · 2025-01-01

Published groupPeopleShare
Totaal168,551100.0%
Nederlands159,98094.9%
Totaal niet-Nederlandse nationaliteit8,5715.1%
Europa (exclusief Nederlands)4,2332.5%
Buiten-Europa4,1362.5%
Azië2,7851.7%
Europese Unie (exclusief Nederlands)2,6921.6%
Azië (exclusief Indonesisch en Turks)2,1471.3%
Midden- en Oost-Europese nat. in de EU1,7181.0%
Oekraïens1,2580.7%
Show 55 more groups
Published groupPeopleShare
Afrika1,1170.7%
Afrika (exclusief Marokkaans)1,0010.6%
Syrisch8800.5%
Pools8090.5%
Turks5320.3%
GIPS-Nationaliteiten in de EU4540.3%
Eritrees4180.2%
Iraans2890.2%
Roemeens2820.2%
Chinees2810.2%
Hongaars2730.2%
Burger van Bondsrepubliek Duitsland2350.1%
Amerika2150.1%
Nigeriaans2150.1%
Amerika en Oceanië (exclusief Surinaams)2110.1%
Staatloos / onbekend2020.1%
Italiaans1610.1%
Indiaas1520.1%
Brits1510.1%
Spaans1390.1%
Bulgaars1240.1%
Marokkaans1160.1%
Portugees1150.1%
Indonesisch1060.1%
Litouws980.1%
Iraaks970.1%
Belgisch920.1%
Afghaans910.1%
Zuid-Afrikaans890.1%
Somalisch800.0%
Frans790.0%
Amerikaans590.0%
Russisch590.0%
Filippijns490.0%
Vietnamees470.0%
Braziliaans460.0%
Grieks390.0%
Kroatisch390.0%
Lets360.0%
Thais320.0%
Oostenrijks310.0%
Slowaaks280.0%
Iers260.0%
Pakistaans260.0%
Zweeds260.0%
Surinaams230.0%
Colombiaans200.0%
Jemenitisch200.0%
Oceanië190.0%
Egyptisch190.0%
Tsjechisch190.0%
Canadees180.0%
Japans130.0%
Zuid-Koreaans130.0%
Ghanees120.0%

Largest published groups; zero-count groups are omitted. Dimensions are source-native and are never merged. Official source19

Is Apeldoorn a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker44%strong on work, weak on safety · range 35–53%
Skilled employee65%strong on work, weak on safety · range 57–73%
Student52%strong on education, weak on safety · range 45–59%
Family56%strong on family, weak on cost · range 48–64%
Retirement38%strong on air quality, weak on admin · range 27–49%
Foreign residents36,608 people1 Jan 2025Official source · CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population.
Population169,212 people10 Jun 2026Official source · CBS — Population on 1 January 2026, municipality Apeldoorn (GM0200)
Gigabit broadband availability99.77 %2025 Q1Official source · Percentage of households in the Dutch municipality with access to a fixed internet connection of at least 1 Gbps (1000 Mbit/s); availability, not subscribed plan, measured speed or FTTH-only coverage.
Unemployment rate3.3 %31 Dec 2024Official source · CBS labour market in figures 2024 — unemployment by municipality
NO₂ — annual mean9 µg/m³31 Dec 2024Official source · EEA air quality statistics — NL NO2 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)
PM10 — annual mean14 µg/m³31 Dec 2024Official source · EEA air quality statistics — NL PM10 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk)
Every value keeps its source, geographic scope and verification date · Last checked 2026-08-27

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Avg Download Mbps 2024250 Mbps27 Aug 2026ACM1Official
Avg Woz Value K Eur263 kEUR31 Dec 2020CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek3Official
Banen Total103,900 jobs31 Dec 2024CBS — Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek5Official
Fttp Nl 5g Availabilitytrue27 Aug 2026ACM1Official
Fttp Nl Avg Pct95 %27 Aug 2026ACM1Official
Owner Occupied Share Pct60 pct31 Dec 2020CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek3Official
Universities1 count3 Aug 2026DUO (Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs)10Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Apeldoorn under the national coverage rules.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

How many people live in Apeldoorn?

The published population was 169,212 people in January 2026. Source: CBS — Population on 1 January 2026, municipality Apeldoorn (GM0200).

Is the air quality good in Apeldoorn?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 8 µg/m³ (2024) — above the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³ but within the EU limit of 25 µg/m³. Source: EEA air quality statistics — NL PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk).

How safe is Apeldoorn?

Police recorded 4,530 incidents per 100,000 (2024). This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: CBS StatLine 83648NED — registered crime by municipality, total, 2024.

What is the unemployment rate in Apeldoorn?

The unemployment rate is 3.3 % (2024). Source: CBS labour market in figures 2024 — unemployment by municipality.

How many foreign residents live in Apeldoorn?

36,608 people residents hold a foreign nationality. Source: CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population..

How much is public transport in Apeldoorn?

A monthly transport pass is 98.52 EUR/month. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2.

Is Apeldoorn a good place to live?

Apeldoorn may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

How many people born in Born in the Netherlands live in Apeldoorn?

The official country of birth distribution records 148,215 people (87.6%) in the source-defined population for 2026-01-01. This is a country of birth measure, not a general estimate of ethnicity or migration status.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, September 12). Apeldoorn, Netherlands: rent, salary, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/nl/apeldoorn/ Retrieved 2026-09-12. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_apeldoorn-netherlands-rent-salary-jobs_912c79f1c7e8,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Apeldoorn, Netherlands: rent, salary, jobs},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-09-12},
  version = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  snapshot = {approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/nl/apeldoorn/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-09-12. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Apeldoorn, Netherlands: rent, salary, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/nl/apeldoorn/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; snapshot approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; version approved-static-d7ed373c115d60d0; retrieved 2026-09-12; built 2026-09-12.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. ACM acm.nl · checked 2026-06-12
  2. CBS opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-06-12
  3. CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-06-11
  4. CBS - Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-06-12
  5. CBS — Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek CBS · opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-06-12
  6. CBS — Population on 1 January 2026, municipality Apeldoorn (GM0200) CBS · opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-08-14
  7. CBS Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2025, municipality-grain passenger-car universe (Personenauto's totaal) divided by the same-table municipality population. opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-07-15
  8. CBS labour market in figures 2024 — unemployment by municipality CBS labour market in figures 2024 · longreads.cbs.nl · checked 2026-07-26
  9. CBS StatLine 83648NED — registered crime by municipality, total, 2024 CBS StatLine 83648NED · opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-07-26
  10. DUO (Dienst Uitvoering Onderwijs) duo.nl · checked 2026-08-03
Show 13 more sources
  1. EEA air quality statistics — NL NO2 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  2. EEA air quality statistics — NL PM10 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  3. EEA air quality statistics — NL PM2.5 annual mean 2024 (station Wekerom-Riemterdijk) EEA air quality statistics · air.discomap.eea.europa.eu · checked 2026-07-31
  4. Eurostat ec.europa.eu · checked 2026-08-02
  5. Kadaster BRK Bestuurlijke Gebieden, current municipality boundary polygon in EPSG:28992; area is the polygon area converted from m² to km². api.pdok.nl · checked 2026-07-15
  6. OpenFlights — routes.dat OpenFlights · raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-07-14
  7. OurAirports — airports.csv OurAirports · davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-07-14
  8. Percentage of households in the Dutch municipality with access to a fixed internet connection of at least 1 Gbps (1000 Mbit/s); availability, not subscribed plan, measured speed or FTTH-only coverage. services.arcgis.com · checked 2026-07-15
  9. Statistics Netherlands (CBS) citizenship distribution opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-08-28
  10. Statistics Netherlands (CBS) country_of_birth opendata.cbs.nl · checked 2026-08-29
  11. WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 — station Deelen_06275.csv WMO Climatological Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  12. Global Cost of Living — Kaggle snapshot v2 Global Cost of Living · kaggle.com · checked 2026-07-27
  13. Wikidata (P2046) wikidata.org · checked 2026-07-14

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.