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Living in Watervliet

Watervliet is a city in the United States, with a population of 10,287 in July 2026. In July 2026, median gross rent was US$1,083 per month and the median home value was US$179,700. There were 2,109 physicians per 100,000 residents in 2026.

Last checked 2026-09-1938 sources

Population10,242people31 Dec 2025Official source · U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program
Median gross salary3,207EUR/month31 Dec 2024Community source · Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS)
Median rent951.9EUR/month31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Unemployment rate4.45%31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Recorded crime2,483offences per 100,000country median 1,586 — 57% aboveOfficial source · FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting
PM2.5, annual mean6.88µg/m³31 Dec 2024Independent source · EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024

Which United States-wide rules apply when you move to Watervliet?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Housing and cost

Owner occupation was 34.7%, and the vacancy rate was 9.98% in July 2026. 49.8% of renter households spent at least 30% of income on housing in July 2026.

What recurs every month2 published recurring costs, € per month
Watervliet recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Internet, 60 Mbps€60
Mobile plan, 10 GB€22
MetricValuePeriodSource
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited60.38 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Verizon 300 Mbps home internet23Official · national market
Mobile plan, 10 GB21.57 EUR/month30 Sept 2026Visible unlimited mobile plan24Official · national market
Median gross rent$1,083/month4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Households spending over 30% of income on rent49.77 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Housing vacancy rate (legacy series)9.98 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Property crime per 100,000 residents1,989 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics12Official
Average monthly rent (whole dwelling)1,013 EUR/month31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent)3Official
Median monthly rent951.9 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Recorded property crimes184 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Is Watervliet a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker59%strong on work, weak on air quality · range 50–68%
Skilled employee62%strong on work, weak on safety · range 53–71%
Student57%strong on education, weak on work · range 47–67%
Family59%strong on family, weak on cost · range 50–68%
Retirement50%strong on legal route, weak on admin · range 39–61%

Worked out from these numbers

How international is the population?

4% of residents hold a foreign nationality — 408 of 10,242 people. This counts nationality, not place of birth, so long-settled residents who naturalised are not in it.

Uses a supplemental estimate, so treat it as indicative.

Work and income

Median household income was US$57,919 a year in July 2026.

Unemployment across cities in United StatesUnemployment in Watervliet is 4.5%. Of 2,153 cities with data, 1,250 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median household income57,919 USD/year4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households with cable, fibre or DSL broadband78.92 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households with a broadband subscription89.45 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households with internet but no subscription1.57 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households without internet8.98 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households with satellite internet1.57 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Median gross salary3,207 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS)27Community estimate · Supplemental context
Median gross salary (regional)4,320 EUR/month31 Dec 2025www.bls.gov26Official
Unemployment rate4.45 %31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context

What does a salary buy in Watervliet?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

regional median gross pay: €4,320 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025-12-31).
Left over each month€2,261of €3,356 take-home
  • Rent
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions; euro amounts at the ECB average for 2026-08.€3,356
Rentaverage rent of a whole dwelling · official · ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) · 2020-12-31− €1,013
Internet€60 · official · Verizon 300 Mbps home internet · 2026-09-30− €60
Mobile plan€22 · official · Visible unlimited mobile plan · 2026-09-30− €22
Other everyday billsnot published for this city: public transport pass, utilities—
Left overbefore the bills this city does not publish€2,261
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Watervliet Salary needed to live in Watervliet

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Watervliet. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

American Job Centers — Public employment service

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration

Job Search

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Watervliet. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Family and education

MetricValuePeriodSource
Residents with high school education or higher88.92 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Schools10 schools30 Jun 2026NCES CCD public school count16Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · school district
School enrolment, share of residents21.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official

Healthcare

MetricValuePeriodSource
Mental health provider ratio89 ratio30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official
Primary care doctors per 100,000 residents2,109 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official
Preventable hospitalizations2,369 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Watervliet when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

Recorded crime across major citiesWatervliet highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Watervliet highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Philadelphia5,457
Houston5,442
San Antonio5,218
Chicago4,012
Dallas4,010
Austin3,709
Fort Worth3,158
Phoenix3,125
New York City3,039
Watervliet2,483
Los Angeles2,212
San Diego2,082
MetricValuePeriodSource
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents2,483 offences per 100,000country median 1,58631 Dec 2024FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting14Official
Violent crime per 100,000 residents442 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics12Official
Recorded violent crimes23 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Average commute time19.89 minutes4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Workers commuting by bicycle0.88 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Workers commuting by public transport5.08 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Workers walking to work5.52 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Destinations from nearest airport19 count3 Aug 2026OpenFlights20Official
Nearest airportALB3 Aug 2026OurAirports21Official
Distance to nearest airport8 km3 Aug 2026OurAirports21Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Watervliet. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Adult Education and English Language Acquisition (AEFLA) — State Language Course

U.S. Department of Education

For adult learners, adult English-language learners.

EnglishIn Person, Online, HybridCost varies

USCIS English and citizenship class finder — Civic Orientation

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

For immigrants, future citizens.

EnglishIn Person, OnlineCost varies
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Watervliet.

Find courses near Watervliet

Climate and air quality

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in United StatesAnnual PM2.5 in Watervliet is 6.9 µg/m³. Of 968 cities with data, 261 have annual PM2.5 of 6 to under 7 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
PM2.5 — annual mean6.88 µg/m³31 Dec 2024EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 202438Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Average daytime high by monthJan 1.22 · Feb 2.83 · Mar 7.78 · Apr 15.67 · May 22.5 · Jun 26.94 · Jul 29.78 · Aug 28.94 · Sep 25.11 · Oct 17.61 · Nov 10.56 · Dec 4.28 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USC00308600 (TROY L&D)18Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by monthJan -8.39 · Feb -7.67 · Mar -3.22 · Apr 3.17 · May 9.61 · Jun 15 · Jul 17.83 · Aug 16.78 · Sep 12.44 · Oct 6.22 · Nov 0.667 · Dec -4.06 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USC00308600 (TROY L&D)18Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by monthJan -4.2 · Feb -2.9 · Mar 2.1 · Apr 8.9 · May 15.4 · Jun 20.2 · Jul 22.8 · Aug 21.9 · Sep 17.5 · Oct 10.8 · Nov 4.7 · Dec -0.9 °C31 Dec 1991World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI25Official
Average precipitation by monthJan 66.04 · Feb 57.91 · Mar 78.49 · Apr 78.99 · May 86.61 · Jun 102.9 · Jul 115.6 · Aug 95.5 · Sep 94.74 · Oct 97.79 · Nov 75.95 · Dec 82.8 mm1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00014735 (ALBANY INTL AP)19Official · nearest-station reading
PM2.5, highest monitored reading105.5 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean11Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5, annual mean7.76 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean11Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
PM2.5 monitoring sites5 monitors1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean11Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · county
Annual precipitation1,243 mm30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Maximum July temperature23.95 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Average annual temperature10.87 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Minimum January temperature0.35 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation

Similar climate. In United States: Albany ±0.8 °C. Elsewhere: Chatham-Kent (Canada) ±1.6 °C, Markham (Canada) ±1.9 °C, Mississauga (Canada) ±1.9 °C, Richmond Hill (Canada) ±1.9 °C, Vaughan (Canada) ±1.9 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month

Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.

Population and city profile

Foreign residents and their share come from different publications that count different groups (for example citizens of another country, or people born abroad, or of foreign origin), so 408 is not 0.9% of the population. Each row names its source.

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Foreign-resident share0.943 %31 Dec 2020Census Reporter (underlying U.S. Census ACS)9Official
Foreign residents408 people31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Population density2,947 people/km²31 Dec 2025Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau10Official
Population10,242 people31 Dec 2025U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program22Official
Population covered by crime statistics10,246 people31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median home value179,700 USD4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Owner-occupied homes34.72 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Labour force participation rate63.23 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Residents born abroad3.97 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Naturalized citizens, share of residents3.02 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Non-citizens, share of residents0.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Flu vaccination coverage63.64 %30 Jun 2026CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage7Official
Mammography screening coverage75.9 %30 Jun 2026CDC mammography screening rate8Official
Residents without health insurance2.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Residents with a bachelor's degree or higher17.79 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Crime reporting agencies1 agencies1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics12Official
Households with a vehicle available84.87 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent5Official
Public transport agencies in the National Transit Database0 agencies4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Workers aged 16 and over5,000 workers4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Workers mainly working from home11.2 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official
Households using cellular data plans78.27 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population6Official

Alternatives for people set on Watervliet

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Colonie as a Watervliet alternative in the same region

10 km away, better on 4 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 0.

  • Unemployment: 1.2% Colonie vs 4.5% Watervliet−72%
  • Foreign residents: 2.1% Colonie vs 0.9% Watervliet+122%
  • Median gross pay, city: €3,943 Colonie vs €3,207 Watervliet+23%
  • Nearest airport: 4.0 km Colonie vs 8.0 km Watervliet−50%
  • Residents: 7,679 Colonie vs 10,242 Watervliet−25%
  • Median gross pay, region: €4,320 Colonie vs €4,320 Watervlietsame level
  • Annual PM2.5: 6.9 µg/m³ Colonie vs 6.9 µg/m³ Watervlietsame level

Plainfield as a Watervliet alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 1200 km, better on 4 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 2.

  • Foreign residents: 6.1% Plainfield vs 0.9% Watervliet+548%
  • Residents: 50,043 Plainfield vs 10,242 Watervliet+389%
  • Median gross pay, city: €4,830 Plainfield vs €3,207 Watervliet+51%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 741 Plainfield vs 2,483 Watervliet−70%
  • Unemployment: 3.8% Plainfield vs 4.5% Watervliet−15%
  • Annual PM2.5: 7.8 µg/m³ Plainfield vs 6.9 µg/m³ Watervliet+13%
  • Median gross pay, region: €4,043 Plainfield vs €4,320 Watervliet−6%

Cities near Watervliet

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Latham 5.0 km away
Rent
1,360 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
4,681 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Roessleville 8.9 km away
Rent
1,308 EUR/monthMedian monthly rent · 2020-12-31
Salary
4,252 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2020-12-31
Albany 9.7 km away
Salary
3,681 EUR/monthMedian gross salary · 2024-12-31

Alternative cities in United States

Other cities in United States to compare with Watervliet, nearest in population first.

All United States cities

How does Watervliet compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Watervliet's.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

What is the typical salary around Watervliet?

The median gross salary is 4,320 EUR/month. Source: www.bls.gov.

What is the unemployment rate in Watervliet?

The unemployment rate is 4.45 %. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is the air quality good in Watervliet?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 6.88 µg/m³. The WHO 2021 guideline is 5 µg/m³ and the EU limit value is 25 µg/m³, so this reading is above the WHO guideline but within the EU limit. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024.

How safe is Watervliet?

Police recorded 2,483 offences per 100,000. This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting.

How many people live in Watervliet?

The published population is 10,242 people. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program.

How many foreign residents live in Watervliet?

408 residents hold a foreign nationality. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is Watervliet a good place to live?

Watervliet may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Which cities are near Watervliet?

Troy, Latham, Cohoes, West Albany, Roessleville are near Watervliet. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Watervliet, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs [ImmigrationDB compilation; version 11eab920fdd6a8019ec03f3b61ff8579]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/watervliet/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_watervliet-united-states-population-rent-salary-jobs_7c17e9cf5ed9,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Watervliet, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {11eab920fdd6a8019ec03f3b61ff8579},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/watervliet/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Watervliet, United States: population, rent, salary, jobs](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/watervliet/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version 11eab920fdd6a8019ec03f3b61ff8579; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. 2024 American Community Survey 5-year detailed tables api.census.gov · checked 2026-10-04
  2. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B25064 (Median Gross Rent), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  3. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  4. ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  5. ACS median gross rent api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  6. ACS total population api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  7. CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. CDC mammography screening rate data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  9. Census Reporter (underlying U.S. Census ACS) api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
  10. Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
Show 28 more sources
  1. EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  2. FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  3. FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip) cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-05
  4. FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-08-04
  5. HRSA mental health provider ratio data.hrsa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  6. NCES CCD public school count nces.ed.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  7. NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USC00308600 (TROY L&D) NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  9. NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00014735 (ALBANY INTL AP) NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  10. OpenFlights raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-08-03
  11. OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
  12. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program www2.census.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  13. Verizon 300 Mbps home internet verizon.com · checked 2026-09-15
  14. Visible unlimited mobile plan visible.com · checked 2026-09-15
  15. World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI nodc.noaa.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  16. www.bls.gov bls.gov · checked 2026-08-27
  17. Census Reporter ACS 2020-2024 5-year, table B20002 (underlying U.S. Census Bureau ACS) api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-09-11
  18. Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-26
  19. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  22. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  23. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  24. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  25. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  26. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  27. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  28. EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024 aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-26

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.