ImmigrationDBVerified immigration data
On this page

Living in Columbia

In Columbia (Missouri), the median gross salary is €2,676 a month (2024).

In July 2026, median household income was US$66,498 a year. Columbia had a population of 128,548 in July 2026.

Last checked 2026-09-1931 sources

Population130,851people31 Dec 2025Official source · U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program
Median gross salary2,676EUR/month31 Dec 2024Official source · ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records
Median rent964.2EUR/month31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Unemployment rate4.02%31 Dec 2024Independent source · Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables
Recorded crime2,665offences per 100,000country median 1,586 — 68% aboveOfficial source · FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting
PM2.5, annual mean6.53µg/m³country median 7.0 — 7% belowOfficial source · EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024

More recorded crime than 77% of American cities that publish it and cleaner air than 66% of American cities that publish it.

Which United States-wide rules apply when you move to Columbia?

National rules stay on the country page instead of being relabelled as city data.

Visa and entry rulesPassport-specific entry and national residence context.BenefitsCountry-wide eligibility and official application routes.Taxes in United StatesNational rates and thresholds that apply in Columbia.Healthcare eligibilityCountry-wide insurance and residence conditions.

Housing and cost

Median gross rent was US$1,097 per month, while the median home value was US$284,600 in July 2026. Owner occupation was 48.7%, and the vacancy rate was 6.23% in July 2026. 51% of renter households spent at least 30% of income on housing in July 2026.

What recurs every month5 published recurring costs, € per month
Columbia recurring monthly costs, € per month

€ / month

Private kindergarten€1045
Utilities, 85 m² flat€159
Internet, 60 Mbps€46
Mobile plan, 10 GB€44
Fitness club€25

Supplemental estimate lane; these items are not official statistics.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Fitness club membership, monthly24.67 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052)31Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Internet, 60 Mbps unlimited46.25 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052)31Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Private kindergarten, monthly1,045 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052)31Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Mobile plan, 10 GB44.41 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052)31Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Basic utilities, 85 m² home159 EUR/month31 Dec 2025Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052)31Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Median gross rent$1,097/month4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Households spending over 30% of income on rent50.96 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Housing vacancy rate (legacy series)6.23 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Property crime per 100,000 residents2,594 per 100,000 people1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics12Official
Average monthly rent (whole dwelling)1,118 EUR/month31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent)2Official
Median monthly rent964.2 EUR/month31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context
Recorded property crimes2,475 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Is Columbia a good place to live?

There is no universal answer. The profile scores below show who the available published evidence may suit; they are a decision aid, not a personal recommendation.

Try your profile
Remote worker42%strong on work, weak on safety · range 34–50%
Skilled employee49%strong on work, weak on safety · range 41–57%
Student44%strong on education, weak on work · range 35–53%
Family45%strong on family, weak on cost · range 37–53%
Retirement48%strong on legal route, weak on admin · range 39–57%

Worked out from these numbers

How international is the population?

7.9% of residents hold a foreign nationality — 10,400 of 130,851 people. This counts nationality, not place of birth, so long-settled residents who naturalised are not in it.

Work and income

Unemployment across cities in United StatesUnemployment in Columbia is 4.0%. Of 2,153 cities with data, 1,250 have unemployment of 0 to under 5%.

Unemployment rate (%)

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median household income66,498 USD/year4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households with cable, fibre or DSL broadband82.05 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households with a broadband subscription90.48 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households with internet but no subscription5.97 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households without internet3.36 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households with satellite internet5.94 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Median gross salary2,676 EUR/month31 Dec 2024ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records3Official
Median gross salary (regional)3,492 EUR/month31 Dec 2025www.bls.gov27Official
Unemployment rate4.02 %31 Dec 2024Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables28Supplemental estimate · Supplemental context

What does a salary buy in Columbia?

Take-home pay after tax, minus rent and the everyday bills this city publishes. Each line names its source.

Columbia median gross pay: €2,676 (ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records, 2024-12-31).
Left over each month€780of €2,147 take-home
  • Rent
  • Utilities
  • Internet
  • Mobile
  • Left over
Line-by-line breakdown and sources
Each month€
Take-home payOECD Taxing Wages 2025, single, no children. Includes central and local income tax and employee social contributions; euro amounts at the ECB average for 2026-08.€2,147
Rentaverage rent of a whole dwelling · official · ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) · 2020-12-31− €1,118
Public transport passnot published for this city—
Utilities, 85 m²€159 · market price · Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052) · 2025-12-31− €159
Internet€46 · market price · Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052) · 2025-12-31− €46
Mobile plan€44 · market price · Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052) · 2025-12-31− €44
Left overbefore the bill this city does not publish€780
Take-home pay for other salaries and households Compare with another city Check a job offer in Columbia Salary needed to live in Columbia

Public employment service

No exact public employment office is currently linked to Columbia. The verified national service may still offer online registration, job search or an official office finder.

Country-level information

American Job Centers — Public employment service

U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration

Job Search
Open official service
Open the United States service overview

Country-level service information is not treated as proof of a physical office in Columbia. Sources checked through 10 Aug 2026.

Family and education

MetricValuePeriodSource
Residents with high school education or higher95.74 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Schools40 schools30 Jun 2026NCES CCD public school count16Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · school district
School enrolment, share of residents38.02 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official

Healthcare

There were 1,907 physicians per 100,000 residents in 2026.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Mental health provider ratio75 ratio30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official
Primary care doctors per 100,000 residents1,907 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official
Preventable hospitalizations2,226 per 100,000 people30 Jun 2026HRSA mental health provider ratio15Official
GP practices774 count13 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202619Official
Hospitals18 count30 Sept 2026CMS Hospital General Information9Official
Pharmacies42 count13 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202619Official
Physicians per 100,000 residents1,799 per 100,00013 Sept 2026NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 202619Official

Yes — migrants can receive medical care in Columbia when the national insurance or residence conditions are met.

Healthcare access follows the country-wide insurance rules; local capacity facts remain city data and are not used as proof of eligibility.

Open the official coverage guide
Country rule verified 2026-08-03.

Safety

Recorded crime across major citiesColumbia highlighted among comparable cities
Recorded crime across major cities with Columbia highlighted

recorded incidents per 100k residents

Philadelphia5,457
Houston5,442
San Antonio5,218
Chicago4,012
Dallas4,010
Columbia4,003
Austin3,709
Fort Worth3,158
Phoenix3,125
New York City3,039
Los Angeles2,212
San Diego2,082
MetricValuePeriodSource
Burglaries per 100,000 residents336 incidents per 100,00031 Dec 2024US-FBI-CDE-MO0100200-202424Official
Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents2,665 offences per 100,000country median 1,58631 Dec 2024FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting14Official
Violent crime per 100,000 residents351.4 incidents per 100,00031 Dec 2024US-FBI-CDE-MO0100200-202425Official
Recorded violent crimes471 offenses/year31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Mobility and administration

MetricValuePeriodSource
Average commute time16.37 minutes4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Workers commuting by bicycle0.74 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Workers commuting by public transport1.22 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Workers walking to work5.43 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Destinations from nearest airport2 count3 Aug 2026OpenFlights20Official
Nearest airportCOU3 Aug 2026OurAirports21Official
Distance to nearest airport18 km3 Aug 2026OurAirports21Official

Language courses and integration

No exact city-level course record is currently published for Columbia. These verified national programmes may still apply; use the official programme page to check local availability.

Country-level information

Adult Education and English Language Acquisition (AEFLA) — State Language Course

U.S. Department of Education

For adult learners, adult English-language learners.

EnglishIn Person, Online, HybridCost varies
Open official information

USCIS English and citizenship class finder — Civic Orientation

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

For immigrants, future citizens.

EnglishIn Person, OnlineCost varies
Open official information
Open the full United States section
National programme information is not treated as proof of a course location in Columbia.

Find courses near Columbia

Climate and air quality

Temperature through the yearAverage daytime high and night-time low, °C
Rainfall through the yearAverage monthly precipitation, mm
Air quality vs health guidelinesAnnual means against WHO 2021 guidelines and EU legal limits

City values from the published air-quality observations. WHO 2021 guidelines and EU limit values are published constants.

PM2.5 across cities in United StatesAnnual PM2.5 in Columbia is 6.5 µg/m³. Of 968 cities with data, 261 have annual PM2.5 of 6 to under 7 µg/m³.

Annual PM2.5 (µg/m³)

MetricValuePeriodSource
PM2.5 — annual mean6.53 µg/m³country median 7.031 Dec 2024EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 202411Official
Average daytime high by monthJan 4.17 · Feb 7.28 · Mar 13.5 · Apr 19.56 · May 24.39 · Jun 29.17 · Jul 31.39 · Aug 30.94 · Sep 26.72 · Oct 20.11 · Nov 12.61 · Dec 6.44 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00003945 (COLUMBIA RGNL AP)18Official · nearest-station reading
Average night-time low by monthJan -5.28 · Feb -3.11 · Mar 2 · Apr 7.56 · May 13.17 · Jun 18.17 · Jul 20.28 · Aug 19.28 · Sep 14.61 · Oct 8.22 · Nov 2.22 · Dec -2.94 °C1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00003945 (COLUMBIA RGNL AP)18Official · nearest-station reading
Average temperature by monthJan -0.6 · Feb 2.1 · Mar 7.8 · Apr 13.6 · May 18.8 · Jun 23.7 · Jul 25.8 · Aug 25.1 · Sep 20.7 · Oct 14.2 · Nov 7.4 · Dec 1.8 °C31 Dec 1991World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI26Official
Average precipitation by monthJan 53.85 · Feb 53.85 · Mar 75.44 · Apr 124 · May 121.2 · Jun 107.4 · Jul 104.9 · Aug 105.2 · Sep 97.28 · Oct 88.14 · Nov 68.07 · Dec 53.09 mm1991–2020NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00003945 (COLUMBIA RGNL AP)18Official · nearest-station reading
PM2.5, highest monitored reading56.5 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean10Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · monitor observation
PM2.5, annual mean7.99 µg/m³1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean10Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · monitor observation
PM2.5 monitoring sites2 monitors1 Jul 2026EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean10Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · monitor observation
Annual precipitation713.5 mm30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Maximum July temperature26.36 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Average annual temperature14.71 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation
Minimum January temperature2.86 °C30 Jun 2026NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals17Official source, approximated value · Supplemental context · station observation

Similar climate. In United States: Murfreesboro ±1.7 °C. Elsewhere: Markham (Canada) ±3.7 °C, Mississauga (Canada) ±3.7 °C, Richmond Hill (Canada) ±3.7 °C, Vaughan (Canada) ±3.7 °C, Cottbus (Germany) ±3.9 °C. Twenty closest, compared month by month

Monthly highs and lows against the 1991–2020 station normals of the nearest station; ± is the average monthly difference.

Population and city profile

Who lives hereResidents by nationality, % of population

Calculated from the population and foreign-resident facts on this page.

MetricValuePeriodSource
Foreign-resident share8.09 %31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records1Official
Foreign residents10,400 people31 Dec 2020ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records1Official
Transit service area population126,853 people4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Population density747.9 people/km²31 Dec 2025Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau8Official
Population130,851 people31 Dec 2025U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program23Official
Population covered by crime statistics132,072 people31 Dec 2025FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip)13Official

Additional context

MetricValuePeriodSource
Median home value284,600 USD4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Owner-occupied homes48.69 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Labour force participation rate66.04 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Residents born abroad8.09 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Naturalized citizens, share of residents4.09 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Non-citizens, share of residents4 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Flu vaccination coverage64.25 %30 Jun 2026CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage6Official
Mammography screening coverage77.3 %30 Jun 2026CDC mammography screening rate7Official
Residents without health insurance5.86 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Residents with a bachelor's degree or higher56.74 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Crime reporting agencies1 agencies1 Jul 2026FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics12Official
Households with a vehicle available92.9 %4 Jul 2026ACS median gross rent4Official
Public transport agencies in the National Transit Database2 agencies4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Transit passenger trips, 20222,050,636 trips4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Transit vehicles in peak service, 2022768 vehicles4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Workers aged 16 and over66,882 workers4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Workers mainly working from home10.04 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official
Households using cellular data plans86.78 %4 Jul 2026ACS total population5Official

Alternatives for people set on Columbia

Three places for the three reasons people leave a city on the shortlist: stay in the region, stay in the country, or keep the budget and change the country. A percentage appears only where both cities publish that metric from the same source, period and grain. Distances are straight lines — travel times are not collected yet.

Ashland as a Columbia alternative in the same region

21 km away, better on 2 of 4 metrics measured the same way, worse on 0. Median gross pay, city cannot be compared like for like.

  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 611 Ashland vs 2,665 Columbia−77%
  • Unemployment: 1.8% Ashland vs 4.0% Columbia−55%
  • Median gross pay, city: €4,010 Ashland vs €2,676 Columbiano percentage
  • Annual PM2.5: 6.6 µg/m³ Ashland vs 6.5 µg/m³ Columbiasame level
  • Median gross pay, region: €3,492 Ashland vs €3,492 Columbiasame level
Full comparisonMore about Ashland

Pearland as a Columbia alternative in the same country

A move, not a commute, at 1080 km, better on 6 of 7 metrics measured the same way, worse on 1.

  • Median gross pay, city: €5,041 Pearland vs €2,676 Columbia+88%
  • Foreign residents: 18.8% Pearland vs 8.1% Columbia+133%
  • Recorded crime, per 100k: 1,536 Pearland vs 2,665 Columbia−42%
  • Annual PM2.5: 10.1 µg/m³ Pearland vs 6.5 µg/m³ Columbia+54%
  • Unemployment: 3.3% Pearland vs 4.0% Columbia−19%
  • Nearest airport: 9.0 km Pearland vs 18.0 km Columbia−50%
  • Median gross pay, region: €3,651 Pearland vs €3,492 Columbia+5%
Full comparisonMore about Pearland

Cities near Columbia

Published cities within 25 km, nearest first. Distances are straight-line.

Alternative cities in United States

Other cities in United States to compare with Columbia, nearest in population first.

All United States cities
Norman130,943 residentsAbilene131,588 residentsPearland129,930 residentsClovis129,347 residentsNorth Charleston129,245 residentsSanta Clara133,446 residents

How does Columbia compare?

Pick a city. The answer appears here and the address bar keeps it, so the comparison can be shared; the page stays Columbia's.

Open the full comparison

Put Columbia's key facts on your site — a card with this page's figures and a link back, free under CC BY 4.0.

Common questions

Answered from the published values on this page, each with its source and date.

What is the typical salary around Columbia?

The median gross salary is 3,492 EUR/month. Source: www.bls.gov.

What is the unemployment rate in Columbia?

The unemployment rate is 4.02 %. This is a supplemental estimate, not an official municipal measurement. Source: Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables.

Is the air quality good in Columbia?

The annual PM2.5 mean is 6.53 µg/m³. The WHO 2021 guideline is 5 µg/m³ and the EU limit value is 25 µg/m³, so this reading is above the WHO guideline but within the EU limit. Source: EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024.

How safe is Columbia?

Police recorded 2,665 offences per 100,000. This counts all offences, so it is not comparable with a violent-crime-only rate from another source. Source: FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting.

How many people live in Columbia?

The published population is 130,851 people. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program.

How many foreign residents live in Columbia?

10,400 residents hold a foreign nationality. Source: ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records.

Is Columbia a good place to live?

Columbia may suit different people for different reasons. The page's profile scores compare published cost, work, housing, safety, healthcare and other available factors; they are a decision aid, not a universal recommendation.

Which cities are near Columbia?

Ashland is near Columbia. Typed relationship labels are shown where published; other rows use straight-line distance from admitted coordinates.

Cite this page

Open a format to select or copy this ImmigrationDB compilation citation. The native disclosure and text fallback work without JavaScript.

APA citation
ImmigrationDB. (2026, October 16). Columbia (Missouri), United States: population, rent, salary [ImmigrationDB compilation; version ab41af5eb1d3d5512b9e5ba9b830c1d8]. ImmigrationDB. https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/columbia-mo/ Retrieved 2026-10-16. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
BibTeX citation
@misc{immigrationdb_immigrationdb_columbia-missouri-united-states-population-rent-salary_dca6dd0bd0c8,
  author = {ImmigrationDB},
  title = {Columbia (Missouri), United States: population, rent, salary},
  publisher = {ImmigrationDB},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-10-16},
  version = {ab41af5eb1d3d5512b9e5ba9b830c1d8},
  url = {https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/columbia-mo/},
  note = {Retrieved 2026-10-16. ImmigrationDB compilation. Compilation license: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
}
Markdown citation
[Columbia (Missouri), United States: population, rent, salary](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/us/columbia-mo/) — ImmigrationDB; ImmigrationDB; version ab41af5eb1d3d5512b9e5ba9b830c1d8; retrieved 2026-10-16; built 2026-10-16.

This citation identifies the ImmigrationDB compilation/page. Underlying source publishers and datasets retain their own terms; inspect the Sources section and cite those records separately. View the underlying source records.

Sources

JSON Markdown
  1. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, table B05002 (Place of Birth by Nativity and Citizenship Status), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  2. ACS 2020-2024 5-year table-based Summary File, tables B25065 (Aggregate Gross Rent) and B25063 (Gross Rent, units with cash rent) www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  3. ACS 2024 1-year table-based Summary File, table B20002 (Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2024 inflation-adjusted dollars) by Sex for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings), place records www2.census.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  4. ACS median gross rent api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  5. ACS total population api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-04
  6. CDC BRFSS flu vaccination coverage data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  7. CDC mammography screening rate data.cdc.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. Census Reporter / U.S. Census Bureau api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-08-03
  9. CMS Hospital General Information data.cms.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  10. EPA AirData PM2.5 annual mean aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-01
Show 21 more sources
  1. EPA AQS annual PM2.5 monitor data 2024 aqs.epa.gov · checked 2026-07-26
  2. FBI CDE/UCR crime statistics cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-07-01
  3. FBI CIUS Table 8 by City 2025 (CDE offenses-known-to-le-2025.zip) cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-05
  4. FBI Crime Data Explorer / Uniform Crime Reporting cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-08-04
  5. HRSA mental health provider ratio data.hrsa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  6. NCES CCD public school count nces.ed.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  7. NOAA GHCN-Daily climate normals ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-06-30
  8. NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 — station USW00003945 (COLUMBIA RGNL AP) NOAA U.S. Monthly Climate Normals 1991-2020 · ncei.noaa.gov · checked 2026-07-31
  9. NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 — September 2026 NPPES Data Dissemination V.2 · download.cms.gov · checked 2026-09-18
  10. OpenFlights raw.githubusercontent.com · checked 2026-08-03
  11. OurAirports davidmegginson.github.io · checked 2026-08-03
  12. TIGERweb ACS2023 — Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas (CBSA, January 1 2023) TIGERweb ACS2023 · tigerweb.geo.census.gov · checked 2026-09-19
  13. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program www2.census.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  14. US-FBI-CDE-MO0100200-2024 cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  15. US-FBI-CDE-MO0100200-2024 cde.ucr.cjis.gov · checked 2026-09-15
  16. World Meteorological Organization / NOAA NCEI nodc.noaa.gov · checked 2026-08-03
  17. www.bls.gov bls.gov · checked 2026-08-27
  18. Census Reporter mirror of ACS 2024 5-year tables api.censusreporter.org · checked 2026-07-26
  19. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  20. Coordinate identity evidence wikidata.org · checked 2026-09-06
  21. Numbeo - Cost of Living in Columbia (Wayback Machine capture 20250517195052) numbeo.com · checked 2026-07-31

Spotted a number that looks wrong? Every value here carries its source and date — tell us what you found and we will re-check it against the source.