The cities gaining migrants are not the cities that are growing

By Maksim Streltcov · Published 4 August 2026 · Updated 4 August 2026

Key finding: Across 18 countries, growth in a city's foreign population is almost unrelated to its overall population growth (pooled rank correlation 0.11).

Question: where are foreign populations actually growing, and does that growth follow the cities that are growing overall?

Answer: growth is widespread, and it is almost unrelated to whether a city is growing at all. Across 423 cities with at least a decade of official figures, 394 saw their foreign population rise and 29 saw it fall. But the correlation between foreign-population growth and total-population growth is only 0.11 — and inside every country large enough to measure separately, it is near zero or slightly negative: −0.01 in Germany, −0.05 in France, −0.08 in Italy, −0.16 in Spain.

That is the finding. Shrinking cities are not being skipped. In Spain the relationship leans the other way: cities losing residents overall have been gaining foreign residents at least as fast as the ones that are growing.

What we measured

One row per city, for every city that publishes a usable run of foreign-resident counts: at least four observations spanning at least three years, from one publisher, in one unit. The median span is 10 years. After the validation described in the method note below, 423 cities across 18 countries qualify.

Foreign population is a stock, not a flow. It counts people recorded as foreign residents on one date. It is not arrivals, not immigration, not net migration. Somebody who naturalises leaves the count without leaving the city, and somebody born locally to foreign parents may enter or never enter it depending on the country. A rising number is not "more arrivals" and a falling number is not "people leaving" — this article never uses either phrase for a change in the stock.

The definition also differs by country. Most of these series count residents without the country's citizenship; some national systems count the foreign-born, and others count a broader migration background. That makes the level incomparable between countries and the direction over time comparable only where one publisher used one definition throughout. So every comparison here is a city against its own past, or cities within one country against each other.

Growth is expressed two ways: total percentage change between the first and last observation, and the compound annual rate, which makes an eleven-year run comparable with a nine-year one. Total population change over the same window comes from the same city record.

What the data shows

Foreign populations rose almost everywhere: 394 of 423 cities. The median city added foreign residents at 2.8% a year in Spain, 1.5% in Italy, 4.0% in Germany and 4.3% in France. Every one of the 120 German cities and all 46 French cities in the sample grew.

Vilnius leads at 15.6% a year, from 7,311 foreign residents in 2011 to 48,333 in 2024 — a near-sevenfold rise in a city whose total population grew 11% over the same period. That gap between the two figures is the article in one line.

Behind it, the ranking is dominated by two countries. Portuguese cities — Braga at 13.1% a year, Aveiro at 11.5%, Viana do Castelo at 14.0% — and Bulgarian ones, Burgas at 13.9% and Varna at 12.3%. These are compound rates from small starting counts: Haskovo's 13.4% a year is 191 residents becoming 763.

Two German cities in the top twelve make the independence point sharply. Wilhelmshaven grew its foreign population 13.1% a year while its total population fell 1.5%. Gera grew 11.1% a year against a total population change of −0.1%. Neither city is growing. Both are destinations.

Figure 1Annual growth of the foreign-resident population, one bar per rate band. Nearly every city sits to the right of zero.

Hover, focus, or tap a mark to inspect its exact values.

Use Arrow keys to move between marks. Home/End jump to the first/last mark. Page Up/Page Down move by 10 marks. Tab exits the chart. On small screens, swipe horizontally across the chart. Exact values are listed below.

View exact figure values

Figure conclusion: Annual growth of the foreign-resident population, one bar per rate band. Nearly every city sits to the right of zero.

Table 1Fastest compound annual growth of the foreign-resident population. Read the rate together with the starting count.

Fastest compound annual growth of the foreign-resident population. Read the rate together with the starting count.
City	Country	Period	From	To	Per year	Total pop.
Vilnius	LT	2011–2024	7,311	48,333	15.6%	0.0%
Vantaa	FI	2014–2025	18,041	77,115	14.1%	+66.1%
Viana do Castelo	PT	2011–2023	1,136	5,450	14.0%	+4.1%
Burgas	BG	2011–2022	1,339	5,618	13.9%	+0.4%
Kuopio	FI	2015–2025	2,583	9,352	13.7%	+13.7%
Haskovo	BG	2011–2022	191	763	13.4%	+1.5%
Braga	PT	2011–2023	4,799	21,097	13.1%	+50.5%
Wilhelmshaven	DE	2014–2023	3,105	9,413	13.1%	-1.5%

Figure 2Foreign-population change against total-population change. The cloud has no usable slope: the two move independently.

Hover, focus, or tap a mark to inspect its exact values.

View exact figure values

Figure conclusion: Foreign-population change against total-population change. The cloud has no usable slope: the two move independently.

Mark 1; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 20.25; Foreign change (%): 28.04
Mark 2; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.36; Foreign change (%): 51.19
Mark 3; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.55; Foreign change (%): 88.77
Mark 4; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.83; Foreign change (%): 80
Mark 5; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.7; Foreign change (%): 68.82
Mark 6; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 18.87; Foreign change (%): 54.12
Mark 7; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.81; Foreign change (%): 9.71
Mark 8; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.38; Foreign change (%): 17.91
Mark 9; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.22; Foreign change (%): 5.4
Mark 10; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -21.81; Foreign change (%): -19.34
Mark 11; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.85; Foreign change (%): -13.51
Mark 12; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.55; Foreign change (%): 48.14
Mark 13; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -9.11; Foreign change (%): 107.81
Mark 14; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.96; Foreign change (%): 258.22
Mark 15; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -17.1; Foreign change (%): 102.85
Mark 16; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -26; Foreign change (%): 111.91
Mark 17; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.76; Foreign change (%): 270.34
Mark 18; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 21.54; Foreign change (%): 176.81
Mark 19; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.1; Foreign change (%): 94.74
Mark 20; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.54; Foreign change (%): 299.48
Mark 21; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -23.55; Foreign change (%): 124.53
Mark 22; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.43; Foreign change (%): 90.13
Mark 23; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 23.28; Foreign change (%): 157.39
Mark 24; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -23.18; Foreign change (%): 115.22
Mark 25; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.23; Foreign change (%): 74.51
Mark 26; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.18; Foreign change (%): 239.69
Mark 27; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.22; Foreign change (%): 126.85
Mark 28; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.26; Foreign change (%): 208.67
Mark 29; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.4; Foreign change (%): 319.57
Mark 30; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 38.43; Foreign change (%): 35.49
Mark 31; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.8; Foreign change (%): 14.79
Mark 32; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.82; Foreign change (%): 30.06
Mark 33; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.62; Foreign change (%): 9.54
Mark 34; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.77; Foreign change (%): 45.6
Mark 35; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.92; Foreign change (%): 55.32
Mark 36; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.4; Foreign change (%): 53.56
Mark 37; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.53; Foreign change (%): 31.39
Mark 38; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.67; Foreign change (%): 14.39
Mark 39; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.71; Foreign change (%): 67.93
Mark 40; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.19; Foreign change (%): 49.34
Mark 41; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.82; Foreign change (%): 59.93
Mark 42; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.87; Foreign change (%): 42.22
Mark 43; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.9; Foreign change (%): 35.81
Mark 44; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.44; Foreign change (%): 36.85
Mark 45; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.3; Foreign change (%): 51.34
Mark 46; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.96; Foreign change (%): 62.61
Mark 47; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.14; Foreign change (%): 19.1
Mark 48; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.61; Foreign change (%): 40.74
Mark 49; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.27; Foreign change (%): 24.53
Mark 50; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.43; Foreign change (%): 40.7
Mark 51; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.14; Foreign change (%): 34.54
Mark 52; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.78; Foreign change (%): 37.94
Mark 53; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.59; Foreign change (%): 91.01
Mark 54; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.02; Foreign change (%): 50.96
Mark 55; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.83; Foreign change (%): 30.66
Mark 56; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.98; Foreign change (%): 34.54
Mark 57; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.6; Foreign change (%): 42.59
Mark 58; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.13; Foreign change (%): 36
Mark 59; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.52; Foreign change (%): 41.69
Mark 60; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.98; Foreign change (%): 33.8
Mark 61; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 15.49; Foreign change (%): 26.3
Mark 62; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.08; Foreign change (%): 37.82
Mark 63; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.22; Foreign change (%): 44.98
Mark 64; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.72; Foreign change (%): 73.66
Mark 65; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.46; Foreign change (%): 46.84
Mark 66; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.48; Foreign change (%): 18.53
Mark 67; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.11; Foreign change (%): 14.5
Mark 68; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 13.22; Foreign change (%): 51.36
Mark 69; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.84; Foreign change (%): 9.01
Mark 70; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.8; Foreign change (%): 33.02
Mark 71; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.48; Foreign change (%): 60.55
Mark 72; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.67; Foreign change (%): 74.97
Mark 73; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.8; Foreign change (%): 133.33
Mark 74; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 19.47; Foreign change (%): 178.04
Mark 75; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.04; Foreign change (%): 89.22
Mark 76; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.48; Foreign change (%): 99.7
Mark 77; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.38; Foreign change (%): 112.98
Mark 78; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 24.22; Foreign change (%): 101
Mark 79; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.39; Foreign change (%): 325.93
Mark 80; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.82; Foreign change (%): 360.03
Mark 81; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.57; Foreign change (%): 42.2
Mark 82; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.71; Foreign change (%): 61.14
Mark 83; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.23; Foreign change (%): 23.15
Mark 84; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.79; Foreign change (%): 45.04
Mark 85; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.52; Foreign change (%): 45.64
Mark 86; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.39; Foreign change (%): 41.86
Mark 87; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.04; Foreign change (%): 50.37
Mark 88; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.67; Foreign change (%): 16.57
Mark 89; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.88; Foreign change (%): 91.69
Mark 90; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.92; Foreign change (%): 41.9
Mark 91; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 26.03; Foreign change (%): 63.92
Mark 92; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.63; Foreign change (%): 75.6
Mark 93; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.9; Foreign change (%): 68
Mark 94; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.08; Foreign change (%): 44.8
Mark 95; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.66; Foreign change (%): 114.02
Mark 96; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 12.5; Foreign change (%): 50.24
Mark 97; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.48; Foreign change (%): 69.15
Mark 98; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.66; Foreign change (%): 30.39
Mark 99; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 13.68; Foreign change (%): 23.13
Mark 100; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.74; Foreign change (%): 24.96
Mark 101; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.15; Foreign change (%): 26.8
Mark 102; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.95; Foreign change (%): 62.9
Mark 103; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.86; Foreign change (%): 64.83
Mark 104; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 15.66; Foreign change (%): 63.56
Mark 105; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.23; Foreign change (%): 46.06
Mark 106; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.8; Foreign change (%): 7.14
Mark 107; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.43; Foreign change (%): 74.19
Mark 108; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.21; Foreign change (%): 106.94
Mark 109; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.97; Foreign change (%): 67.22
Mark 110; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.47; Foreign change (%): 138.52
Mark 111; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.98; Foreign change (%): 89.08
Mark 112; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.26; Foreign change (%): 138.19
Mark 113; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.52; Foreign change (%): 26.71
Mark 114; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.57; Foreign change (%): 74.37
Mark 115; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.43; Foreign change (%): 66.44
Mark 116; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.9; Foreign change (%): 34.22
Mark 117; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.33; Foreign change (%): 140.19
Mark 118; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.8; Foreign change (%): 26.57
Mark 119; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -11.8; Foreign change (%): 13.35
Mark 120; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.67; Foreign change (%): 7.8
Mark 121; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.54; Foreign change (%): 203.16
Mark 122; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.82; Foreign change (%): 67.15
Mark 123; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.88; Foreign change (%): 72.42
Mark 124; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.08; Foreign change (%): 127.95
Mark 125; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.38; Foreign change (%): 46.81
Mark 126; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.54; Foreign change (%): 37.69
Mark 127; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.64; Foreign change (%): 36.83
Mark 128; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.42; Foreign change (%): 76.88
Mark 129; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.83; Foreign change (%): 179.05
Mark 130; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.48; Foreign change (%): 57.89
Mark 131; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.1; Foreign change (%): 123.77
Mark 132; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.33; Foreign change (%): 42.83
Mark 133; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.88; Foreign change (%): 130.53
Mark 134; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.58; Foreign change (%): 150.61
Mark 135; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.8; Foreign change (%): 55.89
Mark 136; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.2; Foreign change (%): 30.68
Mark 137; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.62; Foreign change (%): 69.63
Mark 138; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.6; Foreign change (%): 9.18
Mark 139; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.31; Foreign change (%): 122.22
Mark 140; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.21; Foreign change (%): 28.33
Mark 141; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.87; Foreign change (%): 35.98
Mark 142; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.48; Foreign change (%): 94.56
Mark 143; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.53; Foreign change (%): 121.06
Mark 144; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.53; Foreign change (%): 70.7
Mark 145; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.55; Foreign change (%): 37.71
Mark 146; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.08; Foreign change (%): 141.48
Mark 147; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.81; Foreign change (%): 38.55
Mark 148; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.3; Foreign change (%): 72.03
Mark 149; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.27; Foreign change (%): 65.48
Mark 150; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.26; Foreign change (%): 46.16
Mark 151; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -12.36; Foreign change (%): -39.99
Mark 152; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -11.92; Foreign change (%): 75.79
Mark 153; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.51; Foreign change (%): 11.98
Mark 154; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -27.74; Foreign change (%): 10.37
Mark 155; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -39.25; Foreign change (%): 5.76
Mark 156; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.94; Foreign change (%): 40.7
Mark 157; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.44; Foreign change (%): 60.05
Mark 158; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 18.54; Foreign change (%): 20.13
Mark 159; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 26.08; Foreign change (%): 46.6
Mark 160; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.57; Foreign change (%): 75.1
Mark 161; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 23.81; Foreign change (%): 5.75
Mark 162; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.79; Foreign change (%): 55.84
Mark 163; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 19.71; Foreign change (%): 92.38
Mark 164; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.03; Foreign change (%): 49.21
Mark 165; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.12; Foreign change (%): 32.87
Mark 166; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 48.46; Foreign change (%): 17.77
Mark 167; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.39; Foreign change (%): 45.93
Mark 168; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.65; Foreign change (%): 73.22
Mark 169; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.3; Foreign change (%): 63.23
Mark 170; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.57; Foreign change (%): 73.03
Mark 171; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.63; Foreign change (%): 73.19
Mark 172; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.23; Foreign change (%): 67.04
Mark 173; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.44; Foreign change (%): 86.86
Mark 174; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 15.07; Foreign change (%): 52.64
Mark 175; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 24.44; Foreign change (%): 38.6
Mark 176; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.13; Foreign change (%): 68.74
Mark 177; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 24.8; Foreign change (%): -13.19
Mark 178; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -10.31; Foreign change (%): 69.84
Mark 179; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.83; Foreign change (%): 47.44
Mark 180; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 30.36; Foreign change (%): 19.02
Mark 181; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.31; Foreign change (%): 14.45
Mark 182; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.52; Foreign change (%): 49.37
Mark 183; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.77; Foreign change (%): 43.98
Mark 184; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.3; Foreign change (%): 23.74
Mark 185; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.47; Foreign change (%): -8.58
Mark 186; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.01; Foreign change (%): 1.6
Mark 187; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.68; Foreign change (%): 25.17
Mark 188; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.62; Foreign change (%): 59.91
Mark 189; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 22.61; Foreign change (%): 30.98
Mark 190; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.32; Foreign change (%): 47.82
Mark 191; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -17.56; Foreign change (%): 47.08
Mark 192; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.28; Foreign change (%): 16.48
Mark 193; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.56; Foreign change (%): 100.63
Mark 194; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -9.37; Foreign change (%): 49.92
Mark 195; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.71; Foreign change (%): 56.08
Mark 196; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -30.84; Foreign change (%): 1.87
Mark 197; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 19.5; Foreign change (%): -11.33
Mark 198; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.25; Foreign change (%): 40.3
Mark 199; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.82; Foreign change (%): 43.24
Mark 200; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.75; Foreign change (%): 58.59
Mark 201; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.67; Foreign change (%): 28.93
Mark 202; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.22; Foreign change (%): 89.52
Mark 203; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.4; Foreign change (%): 31.33
Mark 204; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.77; Foreign change (%): 29.16
Mark 205; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.87; Foreign change (%): 71
Mark 206; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.09; Foreign change (%): 41.2
Mark 207; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.79; Foreign change (%): -4.89
Mark 208; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.73; Foreign change (%): 20.44
Mark 209; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.91; Foreign change (%): 15.39
Mark 210; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 18.63; Foreign change (%): 63.84
Mark 211; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 37.9; Foreign change (%): 41.7
Mark 212; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -12.59; Foreign change (%): 131.07
Mark 213; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.67; Foreign change (%): 5.34
Mark 214; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 12.05; Foreign change (%): 31.83
Mark 215; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.63; Foreign change (%): 28.24
Mark 216; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 39.74; Foreign change (%): 43.14
Mark 217; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.49; Foreign change (%): 21.66
Mark 218; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 7.01; Foreign change (%): 67.41
Mark 219; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 9.91; Foreign change (%): 18.4
Mark 220; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.43; Foreign change (%): 4.73
Mark 221; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.18; Foreign change (%): 21.08
Mark 222; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.51; Foreign change (%): 54.26
Mark 223; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.24; Foreign change (%): 56.5
Mark 224; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.93; Foreign change (%): 65.81
Mark 225; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.74; Foreign change (%): -2.03
Mark 226; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.71; Foreign change (%): -4.2
Mark 227; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 43.75; Foreign change (%): 32.28
Mark 228; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -37.13; Foreign change (%): 89.66
Mark 229; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -52.6; Foreign change (%): 22.39
Mark 230; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 24.36; Foreign change (%): 72.84
Mark 231; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 12.92; Foreign change (%): 14.4
Mark 232; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 8.41; Foreign change (%): 16.82
Mark 233; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 21.19; Foreign change (%): 29.12
Mark 234; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.47; Foreign change (%): 37.68
Mark 235; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.38; Foreign change (%): 78.7
Mark 236; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.72; Foreign change (%): 91.33
Mark 237; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 18.01; Foreign change (%): 30.28
Mark 238; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -21.78; Foreign change (%): 46.45
Mark 239; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.1; Foreign change (%): 54.87
Mark 240; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -41.32; Foreign change (%): -0.58
Mark 241; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.74; Foreign change (%): 42.74
Mark 242; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.75; Foreign change (%): 33.12
Mark 243; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.62; Foreign change (%): 94.72
Mark 244; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 13.73; Foreign change (%): 262.06
Mark 245; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 41.53; Foreign change (%): 259.59
Mark 246; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 66.13; Foreign change (%): 327.44
Mark 247; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 31.46; Foreign change (%): 364.4
Mark 248; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 91.77; Foreign change (%): 350.63
Mark 249; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -24.43; Foreign change (%): 38.24
Mark 250; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.27; Foreign change (%): 13.63
Mark 251; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -25.82; Foreign change (%): 21.61
Mark 252; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -39.22; Foreign change (%): 71.75
Mark 253; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -11.71; Foreign change (%): 54.21
Mark 254; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.31; Foreign change (%): 67.3
Mark 255; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -18.08; Foreign change (%): 44.74
Mark 256; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -11.77; Foreign change (%): 58.86
Mark 257; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.65; Foreign change (%): 29.41
Mark 258; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.19; Foreign change (%): 70.1
Mark 259; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.31; Foreign change (%): 51.15
Mark 260; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 23.15; Foreign change (%): 27.76
Mark 261; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 35.94; Foreign change (%): 53.09
Mark 262; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.32; Foreign change (%): 37.28
Mark 263; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -7.72; Foreign change (%): 47.9
Mark 264; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -13.21; Foreign change (%): 62.5
Mark 265; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -22.44; Foreign change (%): 31.07
Mark 266; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -27.53; Foreign change (%): 86.48
Mark 267; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -20.38; Foreign change (%): 46.84
Mark 268; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -14.98; Foreign change (%): 23.26
Mark 269; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -14.02; Foreign change (%): 37.58
Mark 270; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -26.94; Foreign change (%): 82.68
Mark 271; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 6.24; Foreign change (%): 67.13
Mark 272; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -26.79; Foreign change (%): 74.82
Mark 273; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -12.82; Foreign change (%): 74.45
Mark 274; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -17.75; Foreign change (%): 37.27
Mark 275; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.82; Foreign change (%): 73.44
Mark 276; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -20.16; Foreign change (%): 42.7
Mark 277; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -27.04; Foreign change (%): 52.12
Mark 278; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -15.96; Foreign change (%): 45.21
Mark 279; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -21.23; Foreign change (%): 34.43
Mark 280; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.95; Foreign change (%): 9.81
Mark 281; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -48.67; Foreign change (%): 5.03
Mark 282; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.49; Foreign change (%): 60.95
Mark 283; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.45; Foreign change (%): 31.7
Mark 284; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 10.85; Foreign change (%): 47.69
Mark 285; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -15.69; Foreign change (%): 51.39
Mark 286; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -9.32; Foreign change (%): 44.33
Mark 287; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.58; Foreign change (%): 45.99
Mark 288; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 152.74; Foreign change (%): 20.61
Mark 289; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -44.56; Foreign change (%): 60.36
Mark 290; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -18.57; Foreign change (%): 55.02
Mark 291; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -33.5; Foreign change (%): 43.29
Mark 292; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -7.35; Foreign change (%): 49.51
Mark 293; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -10.91; Foreign change (%): 13.16
Mark 294; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -29.95; Foreign change (%): 20.91
Mark 295; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.35; Foreign change (%): -27.12
Mark 296; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -26.49; Foreign change (%): -14.33
Mark 297; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -9.42; Foreign change (%): 23.18
Mark 298; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.45; Foreign change (%): 16.79
Mark 299; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -28; Foreign change (%): 59.89
Mark 300; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -16.91; Foreign change (%): 67.48
Mark 301; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -18.01; Foreign change (%): 69.35
Mark 302; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.22; Foreign change (%): 87.23
Mark 303; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.53; Foreign change (%): 10.45
Mark 304; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.43; Foreign change (%): 0.75
Mark 305; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.39; Foreign change (%): 15.2
Mark 306; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.54; Foreign change (%): -3.39
Mark 307; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.37; Foreign change (%): 34.21
Mark 308; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.15; Foreign change (%): 10.02
Mark 309; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.51; Foreign change (%): 18.77
Mark 310; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.93; Foreign change (%): 25.02
Mark 311; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.39; Foreign change (%): 10.92
Mark 312; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2; Foreign change (%): 20.93
Mark 313; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.23; Foreign change (%): 11
Mark 314; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.44; Foreign change (%): 32.99
Mark 315; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.37; Foreign change (%): 11.64
Mark 316; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.81; Foreign change (%): 30.88
Mark 317; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.16; Foreign change (%): 17.24
Mark 318; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.9; Foreign change (%): -0.67
Mark 319; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.8; Foreign change (%): -4.31
Mark 320; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.02; Foreign change (%): 20.51
Mark 321; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.69; Foreign change (%): 32.66
Mark 322; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.08; Foreign change (%): 23.34
Mark 323; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.25; Foreign change (%): 14.84
Mark 324; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.15; Foreign change (%): 31.23
Mark 325; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.98; Foreign change (%): 22.42
Mark 326; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.72; Foreign change (%): 20.86
Mark 327; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.14; Foreign change (%): -7.73
Mark 328; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.42; Foreign change (%): 13.69
Mark 329; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.24; Foreign change (%): 2.56
Mark 330; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.02; Foreign change (%): 3.72
Mark 331; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.55; Foreign change (%): 14.78
Mark 332; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.25; Foreign change (%): 29.05
Mark 333; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.54; Foreign change (%): -5.51
Mark 334; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.7; Foreign change (%): 12.59
Mark 335; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.59; Foreign change (%): 7.54
Mark 336; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.17; Foreign change (%): 27.3
Mark 337; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.25; Foreign change (%): 9.79
Mark 338; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.11; Foreign change (%): 4.33
Mark 339; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.58; Foreign change (%): 16.4
Mark 340; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.9; Foreign change (%): 32.52
Mark 341; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.77; Foreign change (%): 15.76
Mark 342; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.33; Foreign change (%): 18.25
Mark 343; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.4; Foreign change (%): -1.75
Mark 344; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.27; Foreign change (%): 10.04
Mark 345; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.93; Foreign change (%): 31.87
Mark 346; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.26; Foreign change (%): 72.07
Mark 347; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.86; Foreign change (%): 47.74
Mark 348; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.89; Foreign change (%): 8.03
Mark 349; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.76; Foreign change (%): 59.97
Mark 350; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.74; Foreign change (%): 89.37
Mark 351; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.56; Foreign change (%): 60.34
Mark 352; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.19; Foreign change (%): 106.99
Mark 353; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -0.01; Foreign change (%): -1.35
Mark 354; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.14; Foreign change (%): 34.94
Mark 355; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.65; Foreign change (%): -11.08
Mark 356; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.25; Foreign change (%): 38.43
Mark 357; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.48; Foreign change (%): 115.41
Mark 358; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.35; Foreign change (%): 35.69
Mark 359; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 0.95; Foreign change (%): 54.17
Mark 360; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.25; Foreign change (%): 65.52
Mark 361; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.53; Foreign change (%): 65.83
Mark 362; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.48; Foreign change (%): 25.87
Mark 363; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.74; Foreign change (%): 17.03
Mark 364; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -20.08; Foreign change (%): 16.88
Mark 365; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.93; Foreign change (%): 94.71
Mark 366; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -7.34; Foreign change (%): 13.21
Mark 367; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -10.32; Foreign change (%): 15.16
Mark 368; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -8.3; Foreign change (%): 39.65
Mark 369; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.13; Foreign change (%): 33.95
Mark 370; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.25; Foreign change (%): 35.19
Mark 371; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.46; Foreign change (%): 70.67
Mark 372; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.34; Foreign change (%): 32.13
Mark 373; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 1.07; Foreign change (%): 3.52
Mark 374; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.87; Foreign change (%): 10.29
Mark 375; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 2.37; Foreign change (%): 11.47
Mark 376; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 3.03; Foreign change (%): 52.75
Mark 377; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.57; Foreign change (%): 28.18
Mark 378; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -2.86; Foreign change (%): 39.38
Mark 379; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -3.64; Foreign change (%): 18.03
Mark 380; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -1.58; Foreign change (%): -13.25
Mark 381; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.5; Foreign change (%): 57.19
Mark 382; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -5.49; Foreign change (%): 21.72
Mark 383; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -15.01; Foreign change (%): -68.16
Mark 384; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -34.5; Foreign change (%): -61.44
Mark 385; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.95; Foreign change (%): -31.53
Mark 386; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -32.74; Foreign change (%): -62.02
Mark 387; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 37.73; Foreign change (%): 349.84
Mark 388; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -71.71; Foreign change (%): 118.95
Mark 389; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 25.34; Foreign change (%): 130.67
Mark 390; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 36.31; Foreign change (%): 120.15
Mark 391; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 19.38; Foreign change (%): 80.67
Mark 392; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 13.65; Foreign change (%): 311.62
Mark 393; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.39; Foreign change (%): 191.69
Mark 394; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 4.09; Foreign change (%): 379.75
Mark 395; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 5.69; Foreign change (%): 108.16
Mark 396; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 17.05; Foreign change (%): 270.32
Mark 397; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 50.53; Foreign change (%): 339.61
Mark 398; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 12.12; Foreign change (%): 76.94
Mark 399; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 13.55; Foreign change (%): 14.89
Mark 400; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 29.76; Foreign change (%): 10.67
Mark 401; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 26.69; Foreign change (%): 9.53
Mark 402; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 18.58; Foreign change (%): -23.63
Mark 403; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 31.73; Foreign change (%): 40.72
Mark 404; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 50.3; Foreign change (%): 31.38
Mark 405; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 57.97; Foreign change (%): 16.02
Mark 406; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 27.64; Foreign change (%): 29.69
Mark 407; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 33.74; Foreign change (%): 36.55
Mark 408; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 29.37; Foreign change (%): 13.9
Mark 409; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.67; Foreign change (%): 19.09
Mark 410; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 14.86; Foreign change (%): 19.19
Mark 411; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 11.07; Foreign change (%): 98.34
Mark 412; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -4.14; Foreign change (%): 155.95
Mark 413; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -18.09; Foreign change (%): -23.4
Mark 414; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.47; Foreign change (%): 2.18
Mark 415; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -12.46; Foreign change (%): 66.53
Mark 416; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): -6.78; Foreign change (%): -15.64
Mark 417; Group: All observations; Total population change (%): 16.94; Foreign change (%): 109.38

Table 2Where the recorded foreign population fell. In the Baltic cities this substantially reflects naturalisation, not departure.

Where the recorded foreign population fell. In the Baltic cities this substantially reflects naturalisation, not departure.
City	Country	Period	From	To	Change
Liepāja	LV	2000–2025	37,480	11,932	-68.2%
Daugavpils	LV	2000–2025	39,490	14,998	-62.0%
Rīga	LV	2000–2025	309,807	119,466	-61.4%
Narva	EE	2011–2026	31,388	18,836	-40.0%
Jelgava	LV	2013–2025	10,465	7,165	-31.5%
Osijek	HR	2013–2021	553	403	-27.1%
Norrköping	SE	2016–2025	9,925	7,580	-23.6%
Nitra	SK	2012–2026	1,590	1,218	-23.4%

Where it breaks down

The pooled correlation of 0.11 is weak, and splitting it by country removes even that.

Germany is −0.01 across 120 cities, France −0.05 across 46, Italy −0.08 across 80, Spain −0.16 across 90. Only these four clear the article's floor of 20 cities. The pooled 0.11 is therefore not a European pattern that the countries share — it is what appears when four national systems with different growth levels are stacked in one chart.

The practical reading: the total-population line on a city page tells you almost nothing about whether that city is attracting foreign residents. They are separate questions, and this dataset says they should be asked separately.

The 29 declining cities are concentrated and they need care. The steepest are Baltic: Liepāja −68%, Daugavpils −62% and Rīga −61% between 2000 and 2025, and Narva −40% between 2011 and 2026. These figures include the large post-Soviet non-citizen populations of Latvia and Estonia, which shrink through naturalisation and ageing as well as departure. A resident who takes citizenship leaves this count while staying exactly where they are, so the decline cannot be read as people moving out. The Baltic series are also the longest in the sample — 25 years for the Latvian cities against a median of 10 — so they cover a different era from the rest.

Elsewhere the declines are milder and more ordinary: Norrköping −24%, Nitra −23%, La Louvière −19%, Košice −16%.

What this means if you are moving

Do not use a city's population trend as a proxy for whether it receives people like you. On this evidence the two move independently, and some of the most receptive cities in the sample are places with flat or falling total populations.

Read a fast growth rate together with its starting number. A city going from 191 to 763 foreign residents is growing at 13% a year and still has a very small foreign community; a city adding 40,000 at 15% a year is a different proposition. Both appear near the top of the same ranking.

Compare within one country. Because "foreign" is defined nationally, the honest comparison is Braga against Aveiro, or Wilhelmshaven against other German cities — not Braga against Wilhelmshaven.

And treat a falling count carefully before reading it as decline. In the Baltic cities it substantially reflects people becoming citizens of the country they already live in.

Limits

This measures a recorded stock of foreign residents, not migration. No arrival, departure or net-migration figure appears anywhere in it, and no statement here should be read as one.

Definitions differ between countries and the levels are not comparable. Even within a country a series can change basis; the ones that visibly did were removed, but a subtler revision could survive undetected.

Growth rates from small bases are volatile. Several of the fastest-growing cities started under 2,000 foreign residents, where a few hundred people move the percentage a long way.

The windows differ. The median span is 10 years, but the Latvian and Estonian series run 15 to 25 years and cover a different period from the rest, so their rates are not measuring the same decade.

Nothing here identifies a cause. The dataset contains no policy, employer, university, housing or transport variable, so this article does not explain why any city grew — only that it did, and that its total population moved separately.

Method

The sample begins with 517 cities holding a usable foreign-population trend and ends with 423, and the 94 exclusions are themselves a result worth stating.

The submitted ranking was led by five Dutch cities at 24–26% a year, which over eleven years implies roughly twelvefold growth. Checking the underlying series showed why. Every Dutch city's run ends on a value from a national statistical office file after a decade of Eurostat citizenship counts, and the jump at that seam is roughly fourfold — Assen goes from 3,166 in 2024 to 14,266 in 2025, Almere from 54,096 to 114,076. That is a change of definition, from residents without citizenship to a broader migration-background count, not a change in who lives there. Separately, 39 of the 42 Dutch cities carry a 2023 observation three to five times both its neighbours — Amsterdam records 201,158 in 2022, 611,531 in 2023 and 236,146 in 2024 — which is a broken extraction for that year, not a population event.

Every series was therefore tested for two faults: a change of publisher at the final observation accompanied by a jump of more than 50% up or down, and any single year more than twice both of its neighbours. 94 cities failed and were removed — all 42 Dutch cities, 21 French, and small numbers in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, Norway, Belgium and Sweden. Reporting their growth would have published a definitional artefact as a migration finding.

On the 423 that survive, Spearman's rank correlation is the primary coefficient, computed between total foreign-population change and total population change over each city's own window. Every city is weighted equally; population is not used as a weight. A country receives its own coefficient only with at least 20 qualifying cities, which leaves Germany (120), Spain (90), Italy (80) and France (46).

FAQ

Where is the foreign population growing fastest?

Among 423 cities with at least a decade of official figures, Vilnius leads at 15.6% a year, from 7,311 foreign residents in 2011 to 48,333 in 2024. Portuguese and Bulgarian cities fill most of the rest of the top ten. These are compound annual rates for a resident stock, not counts of arrivals.

Does a growing foreign population mean the city is growing?

Almost not at all. Pooled across 423 cities the Spearman correlation between foreign-population growth and total-population growth is 0.11, and inside the four countries large enough to report it is near zero or slightly negative: −0.01 in Germany, −0.05 in France, −0.08 in Italy and −0.16 in Spain. A city can be shrinking overall and still be a destination.

Why did foreign population fall in Rīga and Narva?

Foreign population is a stock, not a flow. In Latvia and Estonia it includes a large post-Soviet non-citizen population that shrinks through naturalisation, ageing and emigration. Rīga falls 61% between 2000 and 2025 and Narva 40% between 2011 and 2026 without anyone necessarily leaving on the naturalisation part.

Can these numbers be compared between countries?

No. Each statistical office defines "foreign" its own way — non-citizen in one country, foreign-born or migration background in another. Compare a city with its own past, and cities within one country with each other. This article never ranks countries against each other by level.

Why were 94 cities excluded?

Their published series break mid-way. All 42 Dutch cities switch from a Eurostat citizenship count to a national migration-background count, which multiplies the last value roughly fourfold; 39 of them also carry a corrupt 2023 point three to five times its neighbours. Measuring growth across that break would have reported a definition change as migration.

Sources

Eurostat. City statistics, urb_cpopcb — foreign population by city Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) and the statistical offices of the Länder. Zensus 2022 regional tables — municipalities Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). Municipal population by country of nationality Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
INSEE. Nationalité — base des tableaux détaillés, NAT1 Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Statbel / Statistics Belgium. Population by nationality at municipality level Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Bundesamt für Statistik (BFS). Ständige Wohnbevölkerung, Staatsangehörigkeit Ausland, Gemeinden Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Statistics Estonia. Population indicators and composition Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. City statistics — population by citizenship Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH). Census 2022 — population by citizenship Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Croatian Bureau of Statistics (DZS). Census 2021 — population by towns and municipalities Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.

Show 2 more sources

Statistics Finland. Population by origin and municipality Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Population by citizenship and city Source grade: A; last checked: 2026-08-03.